GIT tract 3 Flashcards
net absorption
Take in a certain amount, excrete a certain volume alongside secretion and absorption
aborption and secretion noral
volume moving from blood to gut lumen is less than lumen to blood
malabsroption
absent or defective digestive enzymes - defects in transported protein - diseases/infections of the small intestine examples of malabsroption 1) lactase deficiency - lactose intolerance 2) coeliac disease - abnormal immune response to gluten - loss of mucosal epithelium
diarrhoea
Increase stool volume or increased frequency of defecation
osmotic involvemtn in diarrhoea
increased solutes in lumen causes less water reasoprtion
- poorly absorbed substrate, high conc of substrate that cannot cross lumen so water moves into the lumen rather than increasing water levesl in gut
secretory involvemetn in diarrohea
Increases secretion of water into the lumen (secretion exceeds absorption)
not due to osmotic effect
- cholera toxin (defect function of chloride channel opening up Cl- channel, too much chloride into gut, water follows increased secretion of water)
- laxatives, hormones, drugs (antidepressants), caffeine
- bile acid malabsorption
cholera caused by
bacterial toxins from cholerae
how does cholera work
toxin enters cells and is activated in the ER
binds a G protien
activates adenylate cyclase
production cyclic AMP
activates chloride channel
chrlodie moves out of channel into lumen of gut, followe by soidum and water
inflammaiton involvemtn in diarrhoea
pathogens breach and damage the absorptive epithelium
- clostridium difficile
- invasive parasites
degranged motility in diarrhoea
Altered transit time hence less time for water reabsorption
- irritable bowel syndrome
colon motility and what it allows
segmented contractions in segmented region
allows
- mixing contents
- retain material in the proximal colon (fermentaion, water absroption)
gasto colic repsonce
mass movement of material into aboral end of colon - ready for defection
what allows defecation
regualting movemnt of material and opening of sphincters
defecation
Faeces moved into rectum (via gasto colic response) – leads to dissension
- activates stretch receptors
- afferent signals to the spinal cord
when convinemtn to defecate and what is involved
- voluntary motor nerves are inhibited allowing the external anal sphincter to relax
Automimic informs need, voluntary decides whether it is convent
Symp and parasymp
- stimulate contraction of the rectum and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter