diet and cancer

Question 1

cancer

Answer 1

• uncontrolled cell division
• cells fail to differentiate
• tumours will develop

Question 2

causes of cancer

Answer 2

mutations or loss of genes
rare genetic defects inherited
risk of cancer increases with age

Question 3

methods to study cancer

Answer 3

cellular models
animal studies
human studies (epidemiological and intervention studies)

Question 4

cell cultures

Answer 4

primary cells

immotalised cells

Question 5

primary cells

Answer 5

cells isolated direcetly fro humans

sutible for short term experiments, due to short no cell divisions

Question 6

immortalised cell lines

Answer 6

cells from cancerous tumours

unlimited cell division

Question 7

advantages of cell studies

Answer 7

can look at function at a molecular level
quick and cheap
can look at ranges of doses
genetically identicaly ccells
unlimited quanitity

Question 8

dis of cell studies

Answer 8

interaction with other cells lost
specliased tissue fucntion may be lost
cells can mutate themselves

Question 9

animal studesi

Answer 9

correct speices needs to be picked
chemicals used to induce cancer in animal
can be genetically manipulated

Question 10

ad of animal studies

Answer 10

relatively short lived imapct can be studies in montths
can be genetically manitpluated
tissues readuly available
easy to control diet intake

Question 11

dis of animla studies

Answer 11

ethical
cant replicate environemtn or lifestyle
cannot replicate humans

Question 12

types of human study designs (observational and expreimental)

Answer 12

Observational – epidemiological
-	ecological
-	cross sectional
-	cohort – (prospective/retrospective)
-	case control
Experimental
-	RCT
-	cancer over decades, so cant easily design RCT to look at relationship between diet and cancer

Question 13

what do epidemiolgy studies allow

Answer 13

production of evidence of an association between 2 varaibles

Question 14

nutrtional epidemiology looks at

Answer 14

associations between diet and disease or risk factor for disease

Question 15

population is defined by

Answer 15

time
geograpjy
socio economic status

Question 16

ad/dis of ecological studies

Answer 16

Advantages
- useful to generate hypotheses
- large number of subjects
Disadvantages
- information not necessarily collected for the purpose of disease association
- population level no evidence of individual disease vs exposure
- other confounding factor

Question 17

ecological studies are useful for

Answer 17

diet and cancer research

Question 18

cross sectional studies measure

Answer 18

nutritional exposure and disease state in individuals

Question 19

ad and dis of cross sectional studies

Answer 19

Advantages
- relates with individual exposure to the disease
Dis
- difficult to determine relationship between exposure and outcome – consequence or cause
- factors affecting disease survival may bias results

Question 20

case control studies

Answer 20

individuals with disease/outcome compared to randomly selected control group from non diseased

Question 21

ad/dis of case control studesi

Answer 21

effecient and quick
cheaper than cohort or clinical trial
dis
- how representtive control group
bias by diseased group?
recall bias
disease may alter behaviorur

Question 22

types of cohort studies and what are tehy

Answer 22

prospective
- follows disease develpment
retrospective
- uses measures of past exposries

Question 23

cohort

Answer 23

followed over time and rate of disease develipment observed in relation to exposure

Question 24

ad/dis of cohuort

Answer 24

unbiased
dis
confounding factors
large sample requried
timely

Question 25

experimental stuy

Answer 25

indivudials randomly assinged to recieve either treatment or placebo

Question 26

ad/dis of experimental

Answer 26

specific
prospectie
strictly ontrolled
small pop size relative to observational studies
randomised and double blind
dis
- costly
associated with ethical problems
drop out and short follow up

Question 27

what is expiermental study usedful for

Answer 27

diet and cancer research
difficult to achieve
cancer takes decades to develop

Question 28

decreasing risk of cancer

Answer 28

physcial activity
wholegrain foods ect
non startchy veg
fruit

Question 29

increas risk of cancer

Answer 29

body fat
adult weight gain
processe foods
red meat
processes meat
alcoholic drinks