Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GDAN year 2 nutrition > diabetes > Flashcards

diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

uses of blood glucose

A 
muscle storgae
enegy source
storage of fat
liver storgane
energy for CNS/brian
excretion in utine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

metabolic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

characteristics of diabetes mellits

A

hyperglycaemia (increased blood glucose)

high mrbidity and mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blood glucose levels normal vs diabetes and after meal

A 
Normal fasting conditions
-	3-5mmol/l
-	less than 10mmol/l 90 mins post food
Diabetic fasting conditions
-	4-7mmol/l
-	greater than 20mmol/l
-	hyperglycaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

signs of diabetes

A
  • blurry vision
  • increase thirst and need to urinate
  • feeling tired or ill
  • recurring skin, gum, bladder infections
  • dry, itchy skin
  • unexpected weight loss
  • slow healing cuts and bruises
  • loss of feeling in hands/feet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

types of diabetes

A

1) Type I
- insulin dependant
2) Type II
3) Gestational diabetes
4) impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG)
- prediabetic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

type 1 diebtees

A

heritable genetic component
- lack of insulin production
affects islets of langerhams
beta cells killed by antibodies therefore lack of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

type 2

A

non insulin dependant or adult onset
affects production of insulin or response to insulin
- genetic and environmentals succeptibilty
obesity implicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

main stymptoms of type 2 and what do they man

A

1) Polyuria
- frequent urination due to osmotic diuresis
2) Polydipsia
- increased thirst and increased fluid intake due to polyuria
3) Polyphagia
- increased appetite
Other symptoms
- dry mouth
- itchiness
- increased incidence of thrush eg candida
- cramps
- skin infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

gestational diabetes

A

occurs in pregancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

predisposing factors to gestational diabetes and symptoms

A
  • age (generally 35 over has a risk)
  • ethnic group
  • obesity
    no clear sytoms
    sometimes classic diabetes once
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cause of gestational diabetes

A
  • hormonal changed can make cells less responsive to insulin
  • increased resistance to insulin
    Increased blood glucose
    Long term effect
  • larger babies
  • mum at risk of type 2 diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prediabetes

A

precursor to diabetes
associated with obestity0
- abnormally high blood glucose but not enough symptoms to diagnose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

forms of prediabetes

A

1) impaired fasting glycaemia

2) impaired glucose tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

impaired fasting glycaemia

A

elevated fasting blood glucose but not high enough to classify as diebetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

impair glucose tolerance

A

abnormally elevated blood glucose after eting

17
Q

how to test for diabetes

A

fasting plasma glucose
oral glucose tolerance test
random plasma glucose test

18
Q

fasting plasma glucose test

A
  • measures blood glucose when the person has not eaten for at least 8 hours
  • detects pre/diabetes
19
Q

oral glucose tolerancetest

A
  • measures glucose after the individual has fasted for at least 8 hours and 2 hours after consuming. a glucose containing drink
  • detects both
20
Q

random plasma glucose test

A
  • casual plasma glucose test i.e. measures glucose irrespective of whether the person has eaten or not
  • diagnose diabetic only
  • generally monitoring rather than diagnosis
21
Q

Long term tests

A

glycated haemoglobin’s A1c

Fructosamine

22
Q

glycated haemoglobin’s A1c

A

haemoglobin binds to glucose and becomes glycated
more in blood the more binds irreversibly
gives indication of avg glucose levels for 8-12 weeks
- normal is 3.5-5.5%
- diabetes is 6.5%

23
Q

fructosamine test

A

Glycated serum protein, Glycated Albumin
- formed from serum proteins such as albumin (reaction between fructose and amine)
- measured fructose with these protein levels
used in cases of
- blood loss
- haemolytic anaemia
- sickle cell anaemia
- gives an average result over the last 2-3 weeks

24
Q

management of type 1

A
  • insulin (essential)
  • exercise
  • diet (low in fat, cholesterol and simple sugar)
25
Q

management of type 2

A
  • weight reduction
  • diet
  • exercise
    if not successful above then
  • oral hypoglycaemic medications and then insulin
  • insulin may not work due to susceptibility of peripheral tissue receptors
26
Q

treatments for diabetes

A

oral hypoglycaemic agents

  • metaformin
  • sulphonylurease
27
Q

metafromin effects and side effects

A

can be used for both types
inhibits glucose production by the liver (gluconeogenesis)
- useful in patients who are obese
Unwanted effects
- GI disturbance
- lactic acidosis (contraindicated for those with renal severe… conditions)

28
Q

sulphonylurease

A 
increases insulin production in pancreas
long lasting effects
Unwanted effects
-	appetite stimulant  = weight gain
-	hypoglycaemia 
-	GI upsets
-	potentially teratogenic (do not use in pregnancy or planning one)
29
Q

diabetes and oral health

A

gum disease common
results in periodontitis and gingivitis
folles with tooth decay

30
Q

other dental problems

A

1) lack of saliva
- bacteria and residues not washed
- antimicrobial effect of saliva decreases
- increased oral infections (eg thrush common in diabetes)
2) dental hygiene, diabetes and heart problems
- bacteria can enter blood stream (endocarditis)
- cholesterol build up in blood stream (atherosclerosis)
also increased bleeding time, longer to heal

31
Q

diabtes and smoking

A
  • higher risk of periodontitis
  • smoking impairs blood flow and affect healing after dental procedure
  • age increases risk
  • increased risk of morbidity and premature deaths

GDAN year 2 nutrition (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions