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GDAN year 2 nutrition > GIT tract 1 > Flashcards

GIT tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

GI tract includes

A 
mouth 
oesophagus
stomach 
intestines
anus
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2
Q

structural organisisation throughout GI tracts

A

mucosa
submucosa
sub plexus
connective tissue

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3
Q

purpose of the accessory organs and name them

A
  • organs which contribute to the breakdown of food
  • control secretions for breakdown of food
  • liver, pancreas, gull bladder, and parotid, salivary glands
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4
Q

function of GI tract

A

Breaks down ingested food into small molecules which can be taken into body tissue

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5
Q

how does the GI tract perform its fuction

A

digestion
- chemical and mechanica
Absorption (movement across gut mucosa into circulation)

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6
Q

food and water once ingestied

A

Food and water forms a bolus

  • broken down into stomach,
  • smaller particles broken down further via enzymes in small intestine
  • then absorbed
  • smaller particles put together to then be excreted from the body
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7
Q

swallowing

A

process in which food passes from mouth to stomach

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8
Q

phases of swallowing

A

oral phase
pharyngeal phase
oesophageal phase

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9
Q

oral phase

A
  • voluntary phase
  • tongue compresses bolus by moving upwards against hard palate
  • respiration inhibited
  • retraction of tongue forces bolus into pharynx
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10
Q

pharyngeal phase

A
  • involuntary
  • pushes bolus from pharynx into oesophagus
  • soft palate reflected backward closing nasal pharynx
  • epiglottis closes to stop food going into respiratory system
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11
Q

oesophageal phase

A
  • upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes an bolus moves into oesophagus
  • start primary peristaltic wave (vagal nerve)
  • secondary peristaltic wave (enteric, intrinsic nerve wave)
  • lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes
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12
Q

oesophagus

A

muscular tube
2cm diabeter
from pharynx to stomcah
contract/relax moves stomach down

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13
Q

lower oesophageal spincter

A

prevents reflux of material back into oesphagus

acts as barrier from stomach

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14
Q

regions of the stomach

A

1) fundus
2) cardia
3) body
4) pylorus

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15
Q

openings of the stomach

A

oesphagus

duodenum

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16
Q

roles of stomach

A

motility
digestion
protection
absroption

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17
Q

motility of stomach

A
  • Gastric accommodation (temporary storage reservoir)
  • trituration (dissolve, mix and grind food particles)
  • gastric emptying (control delivery to small intestine)
18
Q

digestion of stomach

A
  • initiate digestive process (proteins) via gastric juice
19
Q

protection of stomach

A
  • foreign invasion (Acid/proteases)
  • mechanical abrasion (mucus)
  • prevents autodigestion (mucus)
20
Q

what does the stoomahc have

A

rugae

gastric pits

21
Q

HCL in stomach purpose

A
  • provides low pH
  • prevents bacterial growth
  • catalyses cleavage of pepsinogens to pepsin
22
Q

pepsinogens

A
  • proenzyme of pepsin

- pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides

23
Q

glycoproteins purpose in stomach

A
  • binds to vitamin B12, allowing digestion in the ilium
24
Q

what does mucus do

A

protects gastric mucorsa

25
Q

gastrin

A

from G cells

regulated acids secretion

26
Q

gastric glands and secretions

A 
Cardiac glands
-	mucus 
-	HCl
Oxyntic glands (acid secreting)
-	mucous
-	HCl
-	pepsinogen
-	intrinsic factor
Pyloric glands
-	mucous 
-	pepsinogen
27
Q

gastric secretly response to a meal

A

1) Cephalic phase
- site
- smell
- thoughts of food triggers gastric secretion
- instigated by vagal fibres (central NS)
- i.e. prepares the stomach for food
2) Gastric phase
- food entering stomach stretching it
- triggers secretion via long (vagal) and short (myenteric) reflexes
3) Intestinal phase
- intestinal gastrin release in response to distension of duodenum and/or products of protein digestion

28
Q

regions of small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ilium

29
Q

what are the 3 orders of folding creating the area for absorption

A

1) plicae
- naked eye
2) villi
- light microscope
3) microvilli
- Electron microscope

30
Q

function of large intestine

A

remove water
salt
sugar
vitamins

31
Q

regions of large intestine

A

1) cecum
2) acending colon
3) transverse colon
4) decending colon
5) sigmoid colon

32
Q

what is found in the intestine

A 
Tightly packed mucosa
-	goblet cells for mucosa secretion
-	help with movement of reforming material through intestine
Areas of lymphoid tissue
-	Peyers patches for local immune protection
Lots of bacteria
-	for fermentation of fibre
-	helps us make short chain fatty acids
33
Q

control mechanisms and what do they regulate

A

Control mechaisms

1) Autonomic NS
2) enteric NS
- local NS
3) gut peptides
- paracrine
- endocrine

Regulate:

  • Reflexes - long and short
  • peristalsis and motility
  • secretion and absorption
34
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

extrinsic nerves i.e. outside the gut

speed up or slow down the sysem

35
Q

enteric NS

A 
guts own NS
2 nerve plexi in the gut wall
- sense luminal contents
controls muscles and glamds
can respond to signals from central NS
36
Q

what does the ENS contain

A 
ENS contains all elements of an independent nervous system
-	sensory 
-	motor
-	interneuron
-	muscle
-	glands
Complex system of motility and secretion controlled by reflexes
-	autonomic reflexes
37
Q

ENS vs CNS reflexes

A

Long reflexes
- external stimuli i.e. sight and smell of food
- involves CNS
- alters activity of ENS
- causes changes in motility and secretion
Short reflexes
- internal stimuli i.e. when molecules in lumen
- ENS
- local neural circuits
- causes changes in motility and secretion

38
Q

Hirschprungs disease

A

Innervation of large intensive either non existent or reduced

  • surgical removal of the colon
  • congenital disorder
  • all or part of colon has no innervation
39
Q

what are the hormones secrete by

A

enteroendocrine cells in mucosa

40
Q

hormonal control

A

stimulis chemcial osmotic and pH

- negative feedback mechanisms to bring back luminal contacts back to normal

41
Q

enteroendocrine cells and fucntion

A

present throughout gut between epithelial cells
single cells throughout GI tracts
- link between luminal contents and capillaries
- intestinal ‘ taste cells’
- densely packed with vesicles
- sense luminal contents and respond via release of hormones

GDAN year 2 nutrition (14 decks)

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