GI Unit Test Flashcards
How is hepatitis A and E transmitted
fecal - oral
How is hepatitis C and B transmitted
blood and body fluids
There is a vaccine for which of the Hepatitis forms
Hepatitis A and B
What is the dose schedule for Hepatitis B
3 doses - 0 - 1 - 6 months apart
What is cirrhosis
progressive replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue
what are early symptoms of cirrhosis
enlarged, firm, hard
what are late symptoms of cirrhosis
shrinks, scar tissue, gray
What is lactulose (Cephulac) and what is its action
synthetic sugar - laxative - ammonium reducer
How is ascites removed
paracentesis
what causes esophageal varices
cirrhosis
What medications are commonly given for esophageal varices
vasoconstrictors
What is hepatic encephalopathy
loss of brain function when damaged liver can’t remove toxins from blood
Symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy
forgetful, confused, sweet smell, shaking hands, slurred speech
What is the treatment for liver cancer
surgery - chemotherapy
What are symptoms of pancreatitis
abdominal pain, hypotension, respiratory distress, N/V, tachycardia, jaundice, steathorrea
What blood test is used to help diagnose pancreatitis
amylase or lipase - 3x normal
If a patient is receiving TPN, what should be checked regularly
blood sugar
What are the 4 exocrine products of the pancreas and what do these do
amylase - carbs (starch)
lipase - fat
trypsin - protein
bicarbonate juice - neutralize stomach acid
What are risk factors for pancreatic cancer
high fat diet, smoking, diabetes, alcohol, pancreatitis
What are symptoms of peritonitis
RIGID ABDOMEN, pain, rebound tenderness
What are symptoms of impaction
pain, liquid stool, N/V, bloating
What is a symptom of perforation
severe pain, chills, fever, N/V
What is diverticulosis
out pouches in sigmoid colon
what is diverticulitis
inflamed out pouches in the colon
What are teaching points for a patient with diverticulosis
high fiber, don’t eat seeds
What is a hernia
small intestine bulges into peritoneum
what are risk factors for colon cancer
tobacco, alcohol, smoking
What are characteristics of a normal healthy stoma
red, shiny, moist
What determines the type of effluent from a colostomy
where in the colon it is - proximal or distal
What is docusate sodium (Colace)
Laxative
What can taking NSAIDS cause in the GI tract and how
blocks prostaglandins - decreases mucus lining of stomach - could result in stomach ulcers
What is the name of old dark blood in stool
melena
What vitamin is deficient when the stomach is completely or partially removed
Vitamin B12
What are teaching points for a patient trying to avoid dumping syndrome
small meals, eat slowly, no water with meal, like down after eating, decrease carb, increased protein
What order should the abdomen be assessed
Inspect - Auscultate - Palpation - Percussion
What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers
H. Pylori bacteria
Describe active, hypoactive, and hyperactive bowel sounds
active: 5-30/min
hypoactive: 1-2/min
hyperactive: frequent - loud
Antacids
Mylanta - Tums - Milk of Magnesia
Anti-emetics
Ondansetron - Dextromethasone - Promethazine
Emetics
Syrup of ipecac - charcoal
H2 blockers
Ranitidine - Amotidine
Stimulant Laxatives
senna - castor oil - bisacodyl
Bulk forming laxatives
psyllium - methylcellulose
Proton Pump inhibitors
Omeprazole - Pantoprazole
Ascites
excess fluid in abdomen
Asterixis
tremor of hand when wrist is extended
Anasarca
swelling of whole body due to edema
encephalopathy
brain disease that alters brain function/structure
fetor hepaticus
musty sweet breath odor with portal hypertension
hepato-renal syndrome
impaired kidney function due to advanced liver disease
hepatitis
inflammation of liver
jaundice
yellow skin due to excessive vilirubin
portal hypertension
persistant BP elevation in portal circulation
steatorrhea
fat in stool
flatulence
gas
varices
dilated veins
Cullen’s sign
purple discoloration around umbilicus
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
laparoscopic removal of gallbladder surgery
cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder
pruritis
itchy skin
eructation
belching
cholelithiasis
formation of gallstones
Turner’s sign
purple discoloration of flank
bilirubin
yellow compound that breaks down the “heme” of hemoglobin
melena
old blood in stool
hematochezia
new blood in stool
hematemesis
new blood in vomit
Different causes of jaundice
hemolytic: excess destruction of RBC
hepatocellular: liver disease - cannot clear bile
obstructive: block an exit of bile between liver and small intestine
How does liver disease affect medication administration
medication becomes toxic - build up in system
What is fulminant liver failure
acute liver failure - sudden massive loss of liver tissue
What area are these substances secreted into
duodenum
What is an ERCP
scope that goes into duodenum - puts dye in backwards and looks at cystic duct
What structures are visualized with an ERCP
gallbladder - pancreas
What is the main reason an NG tube is inserted post abdominal surgery
to rest the stomach - low intermittent suction
What type of effluent would occur from an ileostomy
liquid
What is a double barrel colostomy
2 stoma’s - when it heals - put ends back together
How often should stool from a continent ileostomy be emptied
every 6-8 hours
what can happen to blood sugar when TPN is removed too quickly
blood sugar drops
Prostaglandin-like drugs
misoprostol (cytotec)
Prostaglandin inhibitors
NSAIDS - aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen
Murphy’s sign
press on right side below ribs - can’t breathe in…very painful
colic
GI pain that comes and goes in waves.
Symptoms of dehiscence
Open wound, pain at wound site, bleeding from wound
symptoms of evesceration
intestines come out
Where is duodenal pain felt
umbilicus
