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Alimentary System > GI Tract Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Tract Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 4 layers of the oesophagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscle
Adventitia

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2
Q

What is the epithelium of the oesophagus?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

Where are the 4 physiological lumen constrictions?

A

Arch of aorta
Bronchus
Cricoid cartilage
Diaphragmatic hernia

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4
Q

What is the outer covering in the intraperitoneal portion of the oesophagus?

A

Serosa

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5
Q

What is the arterial supply of the oesophagus?

A

Left gastric
Left inferior phrenic

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6
Q

What is the venous drainage of the oesophagus?

A

Left gastric (portal)
Azygous (systemic)

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7
Q

What is the innervation of the oesophagus?

A

Oesophageal plexus
Parasympathetic: vagal trunks
Sympathetic: cervical and thoracic trunks

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8
Q

What is the lymphatics of the oesophagus?

A

Superior- deep cervical plexus
Middle- superior and posterior mediastinal nodes
Lower- left gastric and celiac nodes

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9
Q

What are the areas of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus: antrum, canal, sphincter

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10
Q

What is the greater and lesser omentum?

A

Greater- sheet of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from greater curvature and attaches to the transverse colon
Lesser- sheet of visceral peritoneum that arises at the lesser curvature and attaches to the liver

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11
Q

Is the stomach intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

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12
Q

What is the arterial supply of the stomach?

A

Left gastric
Right gastric
Left gastroepiploic
Right gastroepiploic

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13
Q

What is the venous drainage of the stomach?

A

Right gastric, left gastric -> hepatic portal
Short gastric, right gastroepiploic, left gastroepiploic -> SMV

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the stomach?

A

Parasympathetic- vagal trunk anterior and posterior
Sympathetic- T6-T9 and passes to coeliac plexus via greater splanchnic nerve

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15
Q

What is the lymphatics of the stomach?

A

Gastric nodes at lesser curvature
Gastroepiploic nodes at greater curvature

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16
Q

What are the vertebral levels of the 4 parts of the duodenum?

A

Superior: L1
Descending: L1-L3
Horizontal: L3
Ascending: L3-L2

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17
Q

What is the arterial supply of the duodenum?

A

Proximal to major papilla (forgeut): gastroduodenal artery
Distal to major papilla (midgut): inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

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18
Q

What is the venous drainage of the duodenum?

A

Hepatic portal vein

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19
Q

Is the duodenum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

The ascending portion is intraperitoneal
The rest is retroperitoneal

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20
Q

What are the features of the jejunum?

A

Thick wall
Long vasa recta
Less arcades
Red in colour

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21
Q

What are the features of the ileum?

A

Thin wall
Short vasa recta
More arcades
Pink in colour

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22
Q

Is the jejunoileum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

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23
Q

What is the arterial supply of the jejunoileum?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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24
Q

What is the venous drainage of the jejunoileum?

A

SMV -> hepatic portal vein

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25
Q

Is the caecum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

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26
Q

What is the arterial supply of the caecum?

A

Ileocolic a. (gives off anterior cecal and posterior colic)

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27
Q

What is the venous drainage of the caecum?

A

Ileocolic vein -> SMV

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28
Q

What is the innervation of the caecum?

A

Superior mesenteric plexus

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29
Q

What is the lymphatics of the caecum?

A

Ileocolic lymph nodes

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30
Q

Is the colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Ascending- retro
Transverse- intra
Descending- retro
Sigmoid- intra

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31
Q

What is the arterial supply of the colon?

A

Ascending: ileocolic, right colic (SMA)
Transverse: right colic (SMA), middle colic (SMA), left colic (IMA)
Descending: Left colic (IMA)
Sigmoid: sigmoid arteries (IMA)

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32
Q

What is the venous drainage of the colon?

A

Ascending: SMV
Transverse colon: SMV
Descending: IMV
Sigmoid: IMV

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33
Q

What is the innervation of the colon?

A

Midgut: SMP
Hindgut: IMP

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34
Q

Where does the rectum begin?

A

S3

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35
Q

How is the rectum distinct from the colon macroscopically?

A

Absence of:
Teniae coli
Haustra
Omental appendices

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36
Q

What are the peritoneal covers of the rectum?

A

Superior 1/3- Intraperitoneal
Middle 1/3- Retroperitoneal
Lower 1/3- No peritoneum

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37
Q

What are the flexures of the rectum?

A

Sacral
Anorectal
Lateral

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38
Q

What is the arterial supply of the rectum?

A

Superior rectal (Inferior mesenteric)
Middle rectal (Internal iliac)
Inferior rectal (Internal pudendal)

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39
Q

What is the venous drainage of the rectum?

A

Superior rectal drains into portal system
Middle rectal drains into systemic
Inferior rectal drains into systemic

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40
Q

What is the innervation of the rectum?

A

Sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic nerves, Superior/inferior hypogastric plexuses
Parasympathetic: S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves and inferior hypogastric plexus

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41
Q

What is the lymphatics of the rectum?

A

Pararectal nodes -> inferior mesenteric nodes
Internal iliac nodes

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42
Q

What are the anal sphincters?

A

Internal- formed from thickening of involuntary circular smooth muscle in the bowel wall
External- voluntary muscle

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43
Q

How is the mucosa organised in the anal canal?

A

Longitudinal folds called anal column

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44
Q

How is the mucosa organised in the anal canal?

A

Longitudinal folds called anal colum

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45
Q

What is the pectinate (dentate) line?

A

Line which divides the upper two-thirds and lower third of the anal canal.

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46
Q

What are the embryological derivatives above and below the pectinate line?

A

Above- hindgut
Below- ectoderm of proctodeum

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47
Q

What is the arterial supply of the anal canal above the pectinate line?

A

Superior rectal a. (IMA)

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48
Q

What is the venous drainage of the anal canal above the pectinate line?

A

Superior rectal drains into IMV

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49
Q

What is the innervation of the rectum above the pectinate line?

A

Inferior hypogastric plexus

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50
Q

What is the lymphatics of the anal canal above the pectinate line?

A

Internal iliac nodes

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51
Q

What is the arterial supply of the anal canal below the pectinate line?

A

Inferior rectal a. (internal pudendal)

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52
Q

What is the venous drainage of the anal canal below the pectinate line?

A

Inferior rectal drains into internal pudendal vein (Systemic)

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53
Q

What is the innervation of the anal canal below the pectinate line?

A

Inferior rectal nerves

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54
Q

What is the lymphatics of the anal canal below the pectinate line?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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55
Q

What are the unpaired branches of the aorta and their vertebral level?

A

Celiac trunk (T12)
Superior mesenteric (L1)
Inferior mesenteric (L3)

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56
Q

What are the branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Left gastric
Splenic
Common hepatic

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57
Q

What are the branches of the left gastric artery?

A

Oesophageal branches

58
Q

What are the branches of the splenic artery?

A

Left gastroepiploic
Short gastric
Pancreatic

59
Q

What are the branches of the common hepatic artery

A

Proper hepatic
- Right gastric
- Left and Right hepatic (cystic)
Gastroduodenal
- Right gastroepiploic
- Superior pancreaticoduodenal

60
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
Jejunal and Ileal
Middle colic
Right colic
Ileocolic

61
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic
Sigmoid
Superior rectal

62
Q

What are the paired branches of the aorta and their vertebral level?

A

Inferior phrenic (T12)
Adrenal (L1)
Renal (L2)
Gonadal (L2)
Lumbar (L1-L4)
Common iliac (L5)

63
Q

Where are the portosystemic anastomoses?

A
  • Oesophageal branches + oesophageal tributaries to the azygous system
  • Superior rectal + Inferior rectal
  • Portal tributaries of mesenteric veins + retroperitoneal veins
  • Portal veins of liver + veins of anterior abdominal wall
64
Q

What are the subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Greater sac
Lesser sac

65
Q

What are the subdivisions of the greater sac?

A

Divided by transverse mesocolon
- Supracolic compartment
- Infracolic compartment
Compartments connect by paracolic gutters

66
Q

What is SADPUCKER?

A

Retroperitoneal organs
Suprarenal glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum (not proximal 2cm)
Pancreas (not tail)
Ureters
Colon (asc. + desc.)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

67
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Pathway for structures to pass from abdominal wall to external genitalia

68
Q

How is the deep inguinal ring formed?

A

Transversalis fascia

69
Q

How is the superficial inguinal ring formed?

A

Evagination of external oblique

70
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

A

Spermatic cord in males
Round ligament in females
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

71
Q

What is the roof of the inguinal canal made of?

A

Transversalis fascia
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

72
Q

What is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal made of?

A

Transversalis fascia

73
Q

What is the anterior wall of the inguinal canal made of?

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique
Internal oblique

74
Q

What is the floor of the inguinal canal made of?

A

Inguinal ligament
Lacunar ligament

75
Q

What are the regions of the inguinal triangle?

A

Medial- lateral border of rectus abdominis
Lateral- inferior epigastric vessels
Inferior- inguinal ligament

76
Q

What is the lumbar plexus formed by?

A

Anterior rami of T12-L4

77
Q

How many major peripheral nerves are there in the lumbar plexus?

A

6

78
Q

What are the 6 major nerves of the lumbar plexus and their root values?

A

Iliohypogastric (T12-L1)
Ilioinguinal (L1)
Genitofemoral (L1-L2)
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2-L3)
Obturator (L2-L4)
Femoral (L2-L4)

79
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the nerve of the lumbar plexus?

A

I, I Get Leftovers On Fridays

80
Q

What makes up the anterior wall of the rectus sheath?

A

External oblique
Half of internal oblique

81
Q

What makes up the posterior wall of the rectus sheath?

A

Half of internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

82
Q

What is the arcuate line of the rectus sheath?

A

Horizontal line that demarcates the lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath.

83
Q

What muscles make up the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis

84
Q

What muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Quadratus Lumborum
Psoas major
Psoas minor
Iliacus
Diaphragm

85
Q

What are the lobes of the liver?

A

Left
Right
Quadrate
Caudate

86
Q

What are the ligaments of the liver?

A

Left triangular
Right triangular
Coronary ligament
Falciform ligament
Round ligament

87
Q

What is the peritoneal coverings of the liver?

A

Intraperitoneal
Bare area has no peritoneum. It is attached directly to the diaphragm by loose connective tissue.

88
Q

What is the microscopic structure of the liver?

A

Hepatocytes arranged into lobules
Each lobule has a central vein
At the periphery of each lobule is a Portal triad

89
Q

What is the arterial supply of the liver?

A

Hepatic artery proper (25%)
Hepatic portal vein (75%)

90
Q

What is the venous drainage of the liver?

A

Central veins -> Hepatic veins -> IVC

91
Q

What is the innervation of the liver?

A

Hepatic plexus- liver parenchyma
Lower intercostal nerves- fibrous covering

92
Q

What is the lymphatics of the liver?

A

Hepatic lymph nodes (anterior)
Phrenic and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes (posterior)

93
Q

What is the peritoneal covering of the gall bladder?

A

Intraperitoneal

94
Q

Where does the gall bladder lie?

A

In a fossa formed between the right and quadrate lobes of the liver

95
Q

What is the storage capacity of the gall bladder?

A

30-50ml

96
Q

What is Hartmann’s pouch?

A

Mucosal fold in the neck of the gallbladder
Common location for gallstones to become lodged

97
Q

What is the anatomy of the biliary tree?

A

Right hepatic + Left hepatic -> Common hepatic duct
Common hepatic + Cystic duct -> Common bile duct
Common bile duct + Pancreatic duct -> Hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater

98
Q

What is the arterial supply of the gallbladder?

A

Cystic artery

99
Q

What is the venous drainage of the gallbladder?

A

Cystic veins (neck)
Hepatic sinusoids (fundus and body)

100
Q

What is the innervation of the gallbladder?

A

Coeliac plexus
Vagus nerve

101
Q

What is the lymphatics of the gallbladder?

A

Cystic nodes -> Hepatic nodes -> Coeliac nodes

102
Q

What level is the pancreas positioned at?

A

Transpyloric plane (L1)

103
Q

What is the peritoneal coverings of the pancreas?

A

Tail is intraperitoneal
Body, neck and head are retroperitoneal

104
Q

What is the arterial supply of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic branches of splenic a.
Superior pancreaticoduodenal (head)
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal (head)

105
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic veins -> Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric branches of hepatic portal vein (head)

106
Q

What is the lymphatics of the pancreas?

A

Pancreaticosplenic nodes+ Pyloric nodes
These drain into superior mesenteric + coeliac nodes

107
Q

What is the vertebral level of the kidneys?

A

T12-L3

108
Q

What is the peritoneal covering of the kidneys?

A

Retroperitoneal

109
Q

What is the arterial supply of the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries

110
Q

What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

A

Left + right renal veins

111
Q

What is the lymphatics of the kidneys?

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes at the origin of the renal arteries

112
Q

What is the peritoneal covering of the adrenal glands?

A

Retroperitoneal

113
Q

What is the arterial supply of the adrenal glands?

A

Superior adrenal (inferior phrenic a.)
Middle adrenal (AA)
Inferior adrenal (renal)

114
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

A

Right adrenal vein-> IVC
Left adrenal vein-> left renal

115
Q

What is the innervation of the adrenal glands?

A

Coeliac plexus
Greater splanchnic nerves

116
Q

What is the lymphatics of the adrenal glands?

A

Lumbar nodes

117
Q

What is the peritoneal covering of the spleen?

A

Intraperitoneal

118
Q

What is the gastrosplenic ligament?

A

Connects spleen to greater curvature of stomach

119
Q

What is the splenorenal ligament?

A

Connects spleen hilum to left kidney

120
Q

What is between the gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments?

A

Lesser sac

121
Q

What is the arterial supply of the spleen?

A

Splenic artery

122
Q

What is the venous drainage of the spleen?

A

Splenic vein -> Hepatic portal vein

123
Q

What is the innervation of the spleen?

A

Coeliac plexus

124
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the spleen?

A

Pancreaticosplenic nodes

125
Q

What vertebral level is the transpyloric plane?

A

L1

126
Q

What vertebral level is the subcostal plane?

A

L3

127
Q

What vertebral level is the transumbilical plane?

A

L4

128
Q

What vertebral level is the transtubercular plane?

A

L5

129
Q

What are the thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A

Set of sympathetic nerves that contribute to autonomic supply to abdomen and pelvis
All 3 are preganglionic and form synapses are the celiac ganglion

130
Q

Why are the splanchnic nerves called thoracic?

A

The nerves all pass through the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

131
Q

What are the 3 sets of paired thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A

Greater splanchnic nerves
Lesser splanchnic nerves
Least splanchnic nerves

132
Q

What are the spinal root of the greater splanchnic nerves?

A

T5-T10

133
Q

What is the spinal roots of the lesser splanchnic nerves?

A

T10-T11

134
Q

What are the spinal roots of the least splanchnic nerves?

A

T11-T12

135
Q

What is the function of the greater splanchnic nerve?

A

Sympathetic supply of foregut and adrenal medulla

136
Q

What is the function of the lesser splanchnic nerve?

A

Sympathetic supply of the midgut

137
Q

What is the function of the least splanchnic nerve?

A

Sympathetic supply of the kidneys

138
Q

Where does the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves end?

A

Celiac ganglion

139
Q

Where does the least splanchnic nerve end?

A

Renal ganglion

140
Q

What is the origin of the lumbar splanchnic nerves?

A

L1-L2

141
Q

Where do the lumbar splanchnic nerves end?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Hypogastric plexus

Alimentary System (24 decks)

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