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Alimentary System > Diarrhoea and Constipation > Flashcards

Diarrhoea and Constipation Flashcards

1
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

Increased stool frequency and volume and decreased consistency

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2
Q

What are the signs of diarrhoea?

A

Dehydration
Reduced skin turgor
Greater capillary refill time
Shock
fever
Weight loss
Clubbing
Anaemia
Oral ulcers
Rashes
Abdominal masses

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3
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

Inflammation of stomach/intestines causing vomiting, diarrhoea and pain

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4
Q

What is food poisoning?

A

Gastroenteritis caused by contaminated food stuff

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5
Q

What is dysentery?

A

Infection of intestines resulting in pain and often bloody/mucoid diarrhoea

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6
Q

What is acute diarrhoea indicative of?

A

Gastroenteritis

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7
Q

What are the common causes of diarrhoea?

A

Gastroenteritis
Traveller’s diarrhoea
C. difficile
IBS
Colorectal cancer
IBD
Coealic

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8
Q

What is the cause of E. coli O157 infection?

A

Agriculture/ animal faeces exposure

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9
Q

What is the cause of E. coli infection?

A

Travel

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10
Q

What is the cause of salmonella infection?

A

Contaminated animal products

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11
Q

What is the cause of campylobacter spp. infection?

A

Contaminated chicken

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12
Q

What is the cause of C. difficile infection?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic usage

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13
Q

What is the cause of vibrio cholerae infection?

A

Contaminated water

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14
Q

Which antibiotics have a high risk of causing C. difficile infection?

A

Clarithromycin
Co-amoxiclav
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacin

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15
Q

What are the viral and parasitic causes of diarrhoea?

A

Rotavirus
Giarda lamblia
Norovirus
Entamoeba histolytica

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16
Q

What is the cause of rota virus infection?

A

Children under 5

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17
Q

What is the cause of giarda lamblia infection?

A

Contaminated water supplies

18
Q

What is the cause of norovirus infection?

A

Hospitals/care homes

19
Q

What is the cause of entamoeba histolytica infection?

A

Foreign travel to areas with poor hygiene

20
Q

What are the causes of bloody diarrhoea?

A

Campylobacter
Salmonella
E.coli
Amoebiasis
IBD
Colorectal cancer
Colonic polyps

21
Q

What are the causes of mucus in diarrhoea?

A

IBS
Colorectal cancer
Polpys

22
Q

What are the causes of frank pus in diarrhoea?

A

IBD
Diverticulitis
Fistula/abscess

23
Q

What are the causes of explosive diarrhoea?

A

Cholera
Giardia Lamblia
Rotavirus

24
Q

What are the characteristics of steatorrhea?

A

Gas
Offensive smell
Floating, hard to flush stools

25
Q

What are the causes of steatorrhea?

A

Pancreatic insufficiency
Biliary obstruction

26
Q

What investigations are carried out for diarrhoea?

A

Bloods: FBC, Fe deficiency, B12, ESR, CRP, U&E
Stool culture
Stool microscopy
Viral PCR
Lower GI endoscopy

27
Q

How do you assess the fluid status of a patient?

A

Fluid balance
BP and HR
Mucous membranes
Weight
Leg raising challenge

28
Q

What are the management principles for diarrhoea?

A

Oral rehydration
IV fluids if sustained diarrhoea/vomiting
Avoid antibiotics

29
Q

What is constipation?

A

Pelvic dysfunction or increased transit time.
Passage of less than 2 bowel movements/week often passed with difficulty, straining or pain and a sense of incomplete evacuation

30
Q

Constipation + Rectal bleeding =

A

Cancer

31
Q

Constipation + Distention + Active bowel sounds =

A

Stricture/ GI obstruction

32
Q

What is important to ask a patient with constipation?

A

Frequency
Nature
Consistency
Blood/mucus
Diarrhoea
Recent change in bowel habit

33
Q

What investigations are done for patients with constipation?

A

Rectal examination
Bloods: FBC, ESR, U&E, Ca2+, TFT
Colonoscopy

34
Q

What is the management of constipation?

A

Hydration
Diet
Exercise
Bulking agents
Stimulant laxatives
Stool softeners
Osmotic laxatives

35
Q

What are the general causes of constipation?

A

Poor diet
Lack of exercise
IBS
Old age
Post op pain
Hospital environment

36
Q

What are the anorectal causes of constipation?

A

Anal cancer
Colorectal cancer
Fissures
Strictures
Rectal prolapse
Mucosal ulceration/neoplasia
Pelvic muscle dysfunction

37
Q

What are the intestinal causes of constipation?

A

Colorectal carcinoma
Strictures
Pelvic mass
Diverticulosis

38
Q

What are the metabolic/endocrine causes of constipation?

A

Hypercalcaemia
Hypothyroidism
Hypokalaemia
Lead posoning

39
Q

What drugs cause of constipation?

A

Opiates
Anticholinergics
Iron
Diuretics
CCBs

40
Q

What are the neuromuscular causes of constipation?

A

Spinal or pelvic nerve injury
Systemic sclerosis
Diabetic neuropathy

Alimentary System (24 decks)

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