GI System Flashcards
What is peristalsis?
Progressive waves of contractions that move from one section to the next
Where does peristalsis occur?
- esophagus = moves food from pharynx to stomach
- stomach = helps mix food
- small intestine (but not primary mvmt)
What is segmentation?
short segments of small and large intestines alternately contracting/relaxing which mixes contents and keeps them in contact w/absorptive epithelium
Is peristalsis or segmentation faster and why?
Segmentation is faster bc:
- there are multiple contractions at a time vs. peristalsis is just 1 contraction at a time
- small and large intestine are larger than the stomach
Name the 3 sections of small intestine in order
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
Where is the location of the most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption?
Jejunum of small intestine
What is the name of the sphincter at the end of the small intestine?
ileocecal valve
What are the 2 functions of the pancreas?
- Endocrine cells secrete insulin and glucagon into bloodstream
- Exocrine cells secrete pancreatic juices
Name the 2 enteric NS plexuses
- Submucosal nerve plexus
2. Myenteric nerve plexus
What does the myenteric plexus control?
contraction of smooth muscle (peristalsis and segmentation)
What does the submucosal plexus control?
- endo and exocrine secretion of the mucosa
2. mechano and chemoreceptors in the mucosa
What is a videofluoroscopy?
there is a screen behind the patient and the camera in front takes a photo while swallowing takes place
What is areflexic bowel? What 2 things could possibly be damaged?
Flaccid bowel
The internal or external muscle OR sensory or motor nerve damage
Who has hyperreflexia?
SCI at T-5 or above
What is hyperreflexia?
Overreactivity of ANS which causes narrowing of blood vessels and increase in BP
What is a videofluoroscopy?
there is a screen behind the patient and the camera in front takes a photo while swallowing takes place
Swallowing is a reflex. (T/F)
False
Swallowing is a response
Pseudobulbar Dysphagia: Which motor neuron is affected and what do these nerves supply?
Upper motor neuron
nerves that supply the brainstem/brain
What is scintigraphy?
radioactive isotopes in food and swallow
What is manometry?
catheter down the esophagus to look at PRESSURE only
What is an Electromyography?
electrodes on parts and see if the muscle is firing
3 types of Dysphagia?
- Paralytic
- Pseudobulbar
- Mechanical
Paralytic Dysphagia: Which motor neuron is affected and what do these nerves supply?
Lower motor neuron
nerves that supply the extremity
Pseudobulbar Dysphagia: Which motor neuron is affected and what do these nerves supply?
Upper motor neuron
nerves that supply the brainstem/brain
What 3 cranial nerves are involved in initiation of swallowing?
CN 5 (trigeminal) CN 7 (facial) CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)
Which 2 cranial nerves innervate the tongue?
CN 7 (facial) is anterior 2/3 of tongue CN 9 (glossopharyngeal) is posterior 1/3 of tongue
What cranial nerve innervates all extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles and is involved in receiving info about motor mvmt?
CN 12- hypoglossal
Where is sensory and motor info sent to for processing?
swallowing center of medulla
What cranial nerves are involved in motor function for swallowing?
Once swallow response is initiated from medulla msgs are sent to:
CN 10 -vagus
CN 9 -glossopharyngeal
CN 12 - hypoglossal
What is dysphagia?
difficulty w/any stage of swallowing
Name 3 types of dysphagia
- paralytic
- pseudobulbar
- mechanical
Name 6 tests for dysphagia
- Electromyography
- Endoscopic evaluation of swallowing
- Manometry
- Scintigraphy
- Ultrasonography
- Videofluoroscopy
What is autonomic dysreflexia (hyperreflexia)?
- unique to pt after SCI at T5 and above
- over activity of sympathetic portion of ANS
- occurs when irritating stimulus introduced below SCI injury or when need to make a bowel mvmt
Is fecal incontinence normal with age?
The inability to control bowels is not normal.
What is areflexic bowel?
muscles not contracting so inability to control bowels bc of internal and/or external sphincter damage from sensory or motor nerve damage
CN whose motor component innervates muscles involved in swallowing?
CN V Trigeminal
CN whose sensory component carries sensations from the face, mouth, and mandible
CN V Trigeminal
CN whose motor component innervates lip muscles and buccinator muscles to prevent slipping out and building up of food
CN VII Facial
CN whose sensory component carriers information about anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN VII Facial
CN whose motor component innervates the 3 salivary glands
CN IX glossopharyngeal
CN whose sensory component carries information about posterior 1/3 of tongue
CN IX glossopharyngeal
Which CN innervates all the innervates all the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
CN XII Hypoglossal
CN whose motor component innervates palatine muscles, pharyngeal constructors, intrinsic larynx, and esophageal muscles?
CN X Vagus
CN whose sensory component carries information about the posterior and inferior portions of the pharynx and larynx
CN X Vagus
