GI Pathology Flashcards
Failure of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax; loss of ganglion cells.
achalasia
Hernia of the stomach into the chest through the diaphragm.
Hiatal hernia
Esophageal varices are dilated veins in the _____ esophagus. Seen in what?
Lower
Portal hypertension
Chronic inflammation of the lower esophagus due to acid regurgitation.
GERD
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease
Premalignant metaplastic change of lower esophagus due to GERD.
Barrett’s esophagus
MC esophageal cancer: Show excess _______ in the diet.
Squamous cell carcinoma
nitrosamines
Esophageal cancer: Adenocarcinoma comes from?
Barrett’s esophagus
Linear tear in lower esophagus due to protracted vomiting and retching.
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Peptic ulcer disease is due to a ______ infection.
Helicobacter pylori
Peptic ulcer presents with an ulcer along the ________ of the stomach - 70% of the time or on the _____95%.
Lesser curvature - 70%
Duodenum - 95%
Epigastric pain is _____ with meals in gastric/stomach and _____ with duodenal ulcers.
Greater - gastric
Decreases - duodenal
Young male infant, projectile vomiting, hypertrophic pylori sphincter
Congenital pyloric stenosis.
Atrophic gastritis is caused by _____ infection. Predisposition to _______ and ________.
H. pylori
Pernicious anemia (B12)
Stomach cancer
What can cause a gastric carcinoma?
H pylori infection
Smoking
High nitrosamines in diet
Gastric carcinoma is MC in what area of stomach?
Lesser curvature
Unexplained weight loss is seen in gastric carcinoma as well as Troisier’s sign which is:
Metastatic lymph node in the left supraclavicular fossa (node is known as Virchow’s node)
Non-caseous granuloma, cobblestone terminal ileum, skip lesions, and fistula.
Crohn’s disease
Crohn’s disease aka
Regional ileitis
Meckel’s diverticulum is a remnant of?
vitelline duct
What are the 2’s of Meckel’s diverticulum?
2" long 2' proximal to the ileocecal valve 2% of people 2x's MC in males 2 types of tissue: gastric and pancreatic
Celiac disease aka? Due to malabsorption of?
Celiac sprue
gluten
Whipple’s disease aka?
Tropical sprue
Tropical sprue/Whipple’s disease caused by? Results in?
trophermya whipplei (gram+ rod) steatorrhea and arthritis
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix following blockage of it’s lumber by a ______.
fecalith
Appendicitis: periumbilical pain radiation to the ____ pain with tenderness at ________ point.
RLQ
McBurney’s point
Diverticulis is inflammation in the diverticulum in the _____. MC in _______. Causes _____ pain and blood in stool.
Bowel
Older male
LLQ
Telescoping of a proximal part of bowel into a distal segment. Presents with abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction in a _____.
intussusception
child
Arrested neural crest cell migration, congenital aganglionosis of the _______ colon. Present with chronic constipation and a distended abdomen in _____. What is it?
Descending
Children
Hirschsprung’s disease
Chronic ulcerative inflammation. Present with bloody diarrhea, toxic megacolon, and an increased risk of colon CA.
Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis is mainly confined to what area?
rectum
Third most common cancer in both sexes.
Carcinoma of the colon
Unexplained weight loss and change of bowel habits in the older population.
Carcinoma of the colon
Twisting part of the bowel on itself. Present with intestinal obstruction and abdominal pain.
volvulus
Volvulus is MC in what population? Also MC in what area?
Black
Sigmoid colon
Oral pigmentation and multiple intestinal polyps.
Peutz-Jegher syndrome
Spastic colon of unknown cause.
Irritable bowel disease
Irritable bowel disease is associated with?
Interstitial cystitis
Present with abdominal pain relieved by dedication with diarrhea and/or constipation.
Irritable bowel disease
Inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis
This is seen in the liver with chronic passive venous congestion seen in CHF.
Nutmeg liver
Hepatitis __ and __ : fecal/oral transmission. Water borne infection (vowels like the bowels)
Hepatitis A and E
Hepatitis ___: intravenous drug use and sexually transmitted; chronic carrier state
B
Chronic Hepatitis: MC cause of post transfusion hepatitis
C
Chronic liver condition with damage, fibrosis and regeneration nodules.
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis usually presents with what?
Portal hypertension
Obstruction to portal blood flow to the liver due to liver fibrosis.
Portal hypertension
Rare cause of childhood hepatoencephalopathy caused by the use of aspirin in children.
Reyes’s syndrome
Accumulation of excess fluid in the abdomen.
ascites
Causes aspires, caput medusae, esophageal varices, and internal hemorrhoids
Portal hypertension
Dilated varicose veins radiating from the umbilicus
Caput medusae
Portal tension may also be cause by decrease _____ and increased _____ levels.
Protein
aldosterone
