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My NBCE Part 1 - Pathology Study > Dr. Roecker's Rapid Review - Cardiovascular Pathology > Flashcards

Dr. Roecker's Rapid Review - Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for plaques?

A

atheromas

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2
Q

What is hardening of the arteries called?

A

atherosclerosis

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3
Q

What cause hardening of the arteries?

A

atheromas (plaques)

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4
Q

Atherosclerosis has the greatest impact on which arteries?

A

Large muscular

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5
Q

Atherosclerosis ______ lumen.

A

narrows

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis increases what?

A

thrombosis

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis commonly follows what?

A

Damage to the endothelium (HTN)

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8
Q

Atheromas are filled with what? 3

A

Macrophages,
Necrotic cellular debris,
Cholesterol esters (lipids)

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9
Q

Atheromas are covered by what?

A

A fibrous cap

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10
Q

Atheromas may ______ and cause _____.

A

Rupture

Massive thrombosis

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11
Q

What is a common cause of MI?

A

When atheromas rupture and cause a massive thrombosis.

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12
Q

95% of hypertension cases are __________.

A

Essential

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13
Q

What is “essential hypertension”?

A

Idiopathic, familial history

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14
Q

VSD - Ventricular Septal Defect has a hole between what?

A

Left and right ventricles

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15
Q

What is the most common congenital defect?

A

VSD - Ventricular Septal Defect

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16
Q

Which defect has a hole between the left and right atria?

A

Atrial Septal Defect - ASD

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17
Q

ASD has a patent _____.

A

Foremen ovale

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of cyanosis at birth?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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19
Q

What four things make up Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Large VSD
Aorta overriding VSD
Right ventricular outflow obstruction
Right ventricular hypertrophy

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20
Q

What 5 things do you see with coarctation of the aorta?

A 
Narrowing of aortic arch,
Upper extremity HTN,
Lower extremity claudication (vascular),
Cyanosis,
Weak pulses
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21
Q

A localized malformation characterized by deformity of the aortic media, causing narrowing, usually severe, of the lumen of the vessel.

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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22
Q

What is transposition of the great vessels?

A

Reversal of the aorta and pulmonary arteries

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23
Q

Transposition of the great vessels causes?

A

Cyanosis

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of pleural effusion?

A

Congestive Heart Failure - CHF

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25
Pleural effusion has no _______ and is _______.
No inflammation, | transudate.
26
Congestive Heart failure is the result of what? 3
Dysfunctional systole, diastole, or valvular dysfunction.
27
Valvular dysfunction in CHF could either be ____ or ____.
Stenosis | prolapse
28
Ventricular hypertrophy is most common on which ventricle?
left
29
Which type of hypertrophy is pathologic?
concentric
30
Which type of hypertrophy is the result of endurance training (athlete's heart)?
eccentric
31
What is "heart muscle disease" called?
cardiomyopathy
32
What is the MC cardiomyopathy?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
33
Dilated cardiomyopathy is?
Dilation of all chambers
34
What causes dilated cardiomyopathy?
Alcohol, genetics, heart failure
35
Which cardiomyopathy has contractile gene mutations?
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
36
In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the muscle is ________.
hypercontractile
37
Which type of cardiomyopathy has diastole dysfunction?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
38
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may cause______ via _____.
Sudden death | Lethal arrhythmia
39
Which type of cardiomyopathy is rare?
Restrictive cardiomyopathy.
40
Which type of cardiomyopathy causes a stiff myocardium?
Restrictive cardiomyopathy.
41
What can cause restrictive cardiomyopathy? 3
amyloidosis (elderly) Nutritional deficiency helminths infection
42
Myocardial infarction (MI) causes ______, death of ________ aka ______ due to _______.
Heart attack, Cardiac myocytes Infarction Ischemia
43
Females present with ____ MI symptoms in ______.
Mild | stomach
44
MI symptoms are:
Dyspnea, | Neck, jaw, or left arm pain
45
Death via MI is frequently the result of ________ (___) produced by electrical instability after myocyte necrosis.
Cardiac arrhythmias | V-fib
46
This causes sharp, substernal chest pain, reported as "crushing" or "pressure" worse with activity.
angina
47
Angina has at least ____% occlusion of which artery?
70 | coronary
48
Angina is not and MI but associated with what?
Acute thrombosis of a coronary artery or vasospasm
49
What is angina that is becoming more intense and more frequent (pre-MI)?
Unstable angina
50
What is it called when pericardial sac becomes inflamed?
pericarditis
51
Pericarditis may cause what?
fibrinoid necrosis
52
Pericarditis may follow what two things?
MI | Viral infection
53
Right sided heart failure resulting from pulmonary pathology is called?
Cor pulmonale
54
What two pulmonary pathology cause Cor pulmonale?
Pulmonary HTN | pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
55
What is vasoconstriction of the hands, pallor, cyanosis (red, white, blue), benign and may be secondary to atherosclerosis?
Reynard's phenomenon
56
What is the MC vasculitis in the elderly?
Temporal arteritis
57
Temporal arteritis is aka?
Giant cell arteritis
58
What are symptoms and signs of temporal arteritis?
Vision loss, headaches, fever
59
What region does the temporal arteritis affect?
Temporal region
60
What is the cause of temporal arteritis (aka giant cell arthritis)
idiopathic
61
Polyarteritis nodosa is inflammation of which arteries?
Small arteries (heart, renal)
62
Polyarteritis nodosa avoided which vessels?
Pulmonary vessels
63
What is the cause of Polyarteritis nodosa?
idiopathic
64
What happens if Polyarteritis nodosa goes untreated?
It is fatal
65
What is the most common vasculitis among children?
Kawasaki disease
66
Kawasaki disease attacks which artery and causes what in children?
Coronary arteries | Heart attacks
67
What is a sign of Kawasaki disease in children?
Strawberry tongue
68
Is Kawasaki disease common? What causes it?
No, rare | idiopathic
69
What is thromboangiitis obliterans aka?
Buerger disease
70
What is thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)?
Inflammation of the medium sized arteries of the hands and feet.
71
Buerger disease has a strong association with what?
Cigarette smoking
72
Buerger disease may cause what?
Ulceration and gangrene that require amputation

My NBCE Part 1 - Pathology Study (9 decks)

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