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My NBCE Part 1 - Pathology Study > Dr. Roecker's Rapid Review - Cardiovascular Pathology > Flashcards

Dr. Roecker's Rapid Review - Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for plaques?

A

atheromas

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2
Q

What is hardening of the arteries called?

A

atherosclerosis

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3
Q

What cause hardening of the arteries?

A

atheromas (plaques)

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4
Q

Atherosclerosis has the greatest impact on which arteries?

A

Large muscular

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5
Q

Atherosclerosis ______ lumen.

A

narrows

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis increases what?

A

thrombosis

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis commonly follows what?

A

Damage to the endothelium (HTN)

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8
Q

Atheromas are filled with what? 3

A

Macrophages,
Necrotic cellular debris,
Cholesterol esters (lipids)

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9
Q

Atheromas are covered by what?

A

A fibrous cap

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10
Q

Atheromas may ______ and cause _____.

A

Rupture

Massive thrombosis

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11
Q

What is a common cause of MI?

A

When atheromas rupture and cause a massive thrombosis.

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12
Q

95% of hypertension cases are __________.

A

Essential

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13
Q

What is “essential hypertension”?

A

Idiopathic, familial history

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14
Q

VSD - Ventricular Septal Defect has a hole between what?

A

Left and right ventricles

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15
Q

What is the most common congenital defect?

A

VSD - Ventricular Septal Defect

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16
Q

Which defect has a hole between the left and right atria?

A

Atrial Septal Defect - ASD

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17
Q

ASD has a patent _____.

A

Foremen ovale

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of cyanosis at birth?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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19
Q

What four things make up Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Large VSD
Aorta overriding VSD
Right ventricular outflow obstruction
Right ventricular hypertrophy

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20
Q

What 5 things do you see with coarctation of the aorta?

A 
Narrowing of aortic arch,
Upper extremity HTN,
Lower extremity claudication (vascular),
Cyanosis,
Weak pulses
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21
Q

A localized malformation characterized by deformity of the aortic media, causing narrowing, usually severe, of the lumen of the vessel.

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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22
Q

What is transposition of the great vessels?

A

Reversal of the aorta and pulmonary arteries

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23
Q

Transposition of the great vessels causes?

A

Cyanosis

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of pleural effusion?

A

Congestive Heart Failure - CHF

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25
Q

Pleural effusion has no _______ and is _______.

A

No inflammation,

transudate.

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26
Q

Congestive Heart failure is the result of what? 3

A

Dysfunctional systole, diastole, or valvular dysfunction.

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27
Q

Valvular dysfunction in CHF could either be ____ or ____.

A

Stenosis

prolapse

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28
Q

Ventricular hypertrophy is most common on which ventricle?

A

left

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29
Q

Which type of hypertrophy is pathologic?

A

concentric

30
Q

Which type of hypertrophy is the result of endurance training (athlete’s heart)?

A

eccentric

31
Q

What is “heart muscle disease” called?

A

cardiomyopathy

32
Q

What is the MC cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

33
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy is?

A

Dilation of all chambers

34
Q

What causes dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Alcohol, genetics, heart failure

35
Q

Which cardiomyopathy has contractile gene mutations?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

36
Q

In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the muscle is ________.

A

hypercontractile

37
Q

Which type of cardiomyopathy has diastole dysfunction?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

38
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may cause______ via _____.

A

Sudden death

Lethal arrhythmia

39
Q

Which type of cardiomyopathy is rare?

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy.

40
Q

Which type of cardiomyopathy causes a stiff myocardium?

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy.

41
Q

What can cause restrictive cardiomyopathy? 3

A

amyloidosis (elderly)
Nutritional deficiency
helminths infection

42
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI) causes ______, death of ________ aka ______ due to _______.

A

Heart attack,
Cardiac myocytes
Infarction
Ischemia

43
Q

Females present with ____ MI symptoms in ______.

A

Mild

stomach

44
Q

MI symptoms are:

A

Dyspnea,

Neck, jaw, or left arm pain

45
Q

Death via MI is frequently the result of ________ (___) produced by electrical instability after myocyte necrosis.

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

V-fib

46
Q

This causes sharp, substernal chest pain, reported as “crushing” or “pressure” worse with activity.

A

angina

47
Q

Angina has at least ____% occlusion of which artery?

A

70

coronary

48
Q

Angina is not and MI but associated with what?

A

Acute thrombosis of a coronary artery or vasospasm

49
Q

What is angina that is becoming more intense and more frequent (pre-MI)?

A

Unstable angina

50
Q

What is it called when pericardial sac becomes inflamed?

A

pericarditis

51
Q

Pericarditis may cause what?

A

fibrinoid necrosis

52
Q

Pericarditis may follow what two things?

A

MI

Viral infection

53
Q

Right sided heart failure resulting from pulmonary pathology is called?

A

Cor pulmonale

54
Q

What two pulmonary pathology cause Cor pulmonale?

A

Pulmonary HTN

pulmonary interstitial fibrosis

55
Q

What is vasoconstriction of the hands, pallor, cyanosis (red, white, blue), benign and may be secondary to atherosclerosis?

A

Reynard’s phenomenon

56
Q

What is the MC vasculitis in the elderly?

A

Temporal arteritis

57
Q

Temporal arteritis is aka?

A

Giant cell arteritis

58
Q

What are symptoms and signs of temporal arteritis?

A

Vision loss, headaches, fever

59
Q

What region does the temporal arteritis affect?

A

Temporal region

60
Q

What is the cause of temporal arteritis (aka giant cell arthritis)

A

idiopathic

61
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa is inflammation of which arteries?

A

Small arteries (heart, renal)

62
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa avoided which vessels?

A

Pulmonary vessels

63
Q

What is the cause of Polyarteritis nodosa?

A

idiopathic

64
Q

What happens if Polyarteritis nodosa goes untreated?

A

It is fatal

65
Q

What is the most common vasculitis among children?

A

Kawasaki disease

66
Q

Kawasaki disease attacks which artery and causes what in children?

A

Coronary arteries

Heart attacks

67
Q

What is a sign of Kawasaki disease in children?

A

Strawberry tongue

68
Q

Is Kawasaki disease common? What causes it?

A

No, rare

idiopathic

69
Q

What is thromboangiitis obliterans aka?

A

Buerger disease

70
Q

What is thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)?

A

Inflammation of the medium sized arteries of the hands and feet.

71
Q

Buerger disease has a strong association with what?

A

Cigarette smoking

72
Q

Buerger disease may cause what?

A

Ulceration and gangrene that require amputation

My NBCE Part 1 - Pathology Study (9 decks)

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