General Principles - Blue book Flashcards
What is the body’s innate response to injury?
inflammation
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
rubor Dolor calor tumor Functio laesa
What is rubor? What causes it?
Redness
Due to vasodilator caused by histamine
What is dolor?
Pain
Due to kallikrein and bradykinin
What is calor?
heat
Due to increased vascularity due to histamine and serotonin
What is tumor?
Swelling due to increased vascular permeability - histamine and serotonin
What is functio laesa
Loss of function
Due to decreased cell functioning
What are the cellular responses to tissue injury or inflammation?
margination Chemotaxis Rolling and adhesion pavementation Emigration phagocytosis
This is the way WBCs move to the periphery of the blood vessel by chemotaxis.
margination
This is due to inflammatory compounds which attract WBCs.
chemotaxis
Refers to WBCs sticking to the endothelium
pavementation
The passage of WBCs through blood vessels facilitated by chemotaxis.
emigration
What two types of things happen in emigration?
diapedsis or transmigration
Which cells phagocytize in in injured tissues?
macrophages
What are the Hemodynamics (vascular) changes?
Initial vasoconstriction
vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Blood stasis
How long does the initial vasodilation happen?
A few seconds
Vasodilator is mediated by what?
Histamine
bradykinin and kallikrien
Serotonin
prostaglandins
Histamine is released by the degranulation of which cells?
Basophils (and related mast cells)
bradykinin and kallkrein are responsible for what?
nociception
Serotonin is released by what?
platelets
Which compounds are responsible for further inflammation?
prostaglandins
Blood stasis is due to what?
Increased viscosity
What is a pus filled cavity called?
abcess
These result in there is a loss of surface epithelium.
ulcer
This is an abnormal communication between two epithelial surfaces.
Fistula (vesicolic fistula)
A blind ended tract connected to one epithelial surface.
sinus
Occurs when tissue healing and is characterized by fibrous tissue.
scar
A tumorous overgrowth of fibrous tissue in a scar. MC in black people.
keloid
What cells are found in chronic inflammation?
epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells, and granulomas
These cells seen in chronic inflammation are activated macrophages found in granulomatous conditions like TB.
epithelioid cells
These cells seen in chronic inflammation are found in granulomatous diseases; they are formed by the fusion of many epithelioid cells.
Langhans cells (giant cells)
This type of change is characterized by specialized macrophages surrounded by a rim of activated lymphocytes.
Granulomatous change
With chronic inflammation cells can go through these types of changes:
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia
neoplasia
One cell type undergoes is replaced by another cell type.
metaplasia
Is metaplasia reversible?
yes
Metaplasia is seen in this condition which occurs with chronic GERD.
Barrett’s esophagus
Disorderly but non-neoplastic growth.
dysplasia
Severe dysplasia is _____ and may lead to _______.
Precancerous
Carcinoma in situ
Disorganized, uncontrolled growth with lack of differentiation.
anaplasia
New growth of cells and is synonymous with a tumor.
neoplasia
Tissue injury is caused by?
Ischemic
Hypoxic
anoxia
Caused by lack of blood supply.
ischemia
Caused by oxygen deprivation or deceased [oxygen].
hypoxia
Absence of oxygen
apoxia
When tissues are deprived of blood supply, the following might occur depending on when this occurs.
Agenesis
Aplasia
hypoplasia
infarction
Complete absence of an organ at birth:
agenesis
Failure of an organ or a tissue to develop normally; only a small remnant is left.
aplasia
Underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue resulting in decrease in number of cells.
hypoplasia
Death of a tissue due to lack of blood supply.
infarction
Red (hemorrhagic) infarction occurs in organs with dual blood supply like:
Brain, liver, lung, and gut
White infarction occurs with end arteries:
Heart and kidney
