Cardiovascular Flashcards
Cyanotic heart disease is due to a _____ to _____ shunt in the heart.
Right to left
What three things show cyanotic heart disease?
Fallot’s Tetralogy
Transposition of the great vessels
Persistent Truncus Arteriosis
MC cyanotic heart disease:
Fallot’s tetralogy
Fallot’s Tetralogy consists of? 4
Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding (dextra-position) aorta
VSD
Failure of ductus arteriosus to close after birth?
PDA - patent ductus arteriosus
Due to defect in the atrial septum: failure of the ostium secundum to close.
ASD - Atrial septal defect
Due to defect in the ventricular septum:
VSD - ventral septal defect
MC congenital heart disease (30%)
VSD
Due to narrowing of the arch near the ligamentum arteriosum.
Coarctation of the aorta
Uncommon cause of congenital cyanotic heart disease in which the aorta is connected to the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk is connected to the left ventricle.
Transposition of the Great Vessels
Due to a post-strep infection
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type II
MC valve to be damaged in rheumatic fever?
mitral
In rheumatic fever this valve will be damage 25% of the time.
aortic
Characterized by Aschoff bodies (granulomas with Antischkow giant cells) and MacCullum’s patches which are found in the ____ atrium.
Rheumatic fever
left
Endocarditis may be caused by what?
Strep. pyogenes, viridians, or Staph. aureus
Jones major criteria in diagnosing rheumatic fever are:
SPEC: Syndeham's chorea Polyarteritis Erythema marginatum Carditis Subcutaneous nodules
This type of Endocarditis is seen MC as a sequel of rheumatic fever (S. viridians)
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
This Endocarditis is an infection of previously HEALTHY valves.
Acute bacterial endocarditis
This Endocarditis has splinter hemorrhages, Olser’s Nodes and Janeway nodules.
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
This Endocarditis is seen MC in intravenous drug users (staph. Aureus)
Acute endocarditis
This the sterile (non-infective) Endocarditis seen in SLE?
Libman Sacks Endocarditis (SLE - get it?)
Libman Sacks Endocarditis affects which two valves?
Mitral and tricuspid
This is a treponema palladium infection leading to aortic aneurysm, aortic stenosis, and angina pectoris.
Syphilitic aortitis
Syphilitic aortitis often affects the _____ aorta in ____ syphilis.
Arch of the aorta
tertiary
Clot formed within an atherosclerotic vessel with lines of Zahn.
thrombus
Dislodged mass of undissolved material in blood vessel traveling the blood.
embolism
Which type of embolism is painless, pulseless, and perishingly cold limb?
Arterial embolism
Thickening of the arteries with loss of elasticity and contractility due to infiltration of the tunica intima of collagen and smooth muscle fibers.
arteriosclerosis
Commonly caused by lipid/calcium deposits in the tunica intima.
athersclerosis
Who is at risk for athersclerosis:
Male, obese, age
The pathology of this includes subendothelial fatty streaks, fibrosis, atheromas, rupture with eventual occlusion or embolus formation.
athersclerosis
Ischemic heart disease is caused by ______ athersclerosis.
coronary
Coronary athersclerosis in ischemic heart disease leads to what?
Angina
Myocardial infarction
CHF
This condition is caused by REVERSIBLE inadequately perfused myocardium and the pain is aggravated by stress and exertion and RELIEVED by rest.
Angina pectoris
This angina occurs AT REST and is caused by what?
Prinzmetal (variant) angina
Coronary artery spasm
This condition of the heart is NOT relieved by rest.
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction related to ischemic necrosis of the myocardium due to blocked coronary artery, mainly the:
Left anterior descending artery
This condition results in the release of cardiac enzymes such as troponin, creating kinase-MB, and lactic dehydrogenase.
Myocardial infarction
Local dilation of an artery: congenital or acquired.
aneurysm
Atherosclerotic aneurysm most often affect:
Abdominal aorta
This type of aneurysm presents with a Pulsatile abdominal mass with a bruit and low back pain.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Dissecting aneurysm results from a longitudinal _____ tearing of the _________ _____ aorta.
Intramural
Ascending thoracic
Dissecting aneurysm is seen in these two syndromes
Marfan’s and Ehlers-Danlos
Syphilitic aneurysm occurs where?
Arch of the aorta
Berry aneurysms are ______ weaknesses only present in the _____ decade.
Congenital
3rd
Berry aneurysm may be associated with what?
adult polycystic disease of the kidney
What area is the Berry aneurysm located?
Anterior part of the circle of Willis: ant. Communicating artery (?)
Berry aneurysm can cause a ___________ hemorrhage in young adults.
subarachnoid
This can present with a severe sudden (thunder clap) headache, neck stiffness, and loss of consciousness.
Berry aneurysm
