GI part 1 Flashcards
____ is the inner wall of the GI tract that consists of four layers.
Lumen
What are the 4 layers of the lumen?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
Before food can be absorbed, it must be broken down in to a liquid known as ____.
Chyme
____ is the mechanical and chemical process in which complex foodstuffs are broken down into simpler forms that can be used by the body.
Digestion
____ is carried out as the nutrients produced by digestion move from the lumen of the GI tract not the body’s circulatory system for uptake by individual cells.
Absorption
____ is the act of chewing.
Mastication
____ is the sphincter at the upper end of the esophagus that prevents air from entering the esophagus during respiration when at rest.
Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)
____ is the portion of the esophagus just above the gastroesophageal junction the is normally closed to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, when at rest.
Lower Esophageal Sphicter (LES)
What type of cells line the wall of the stomach and secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?
Parietal cells
____ is a substance that iAds in the absorption of vitamin B12. Without this, pernicious anemia is caused.
Intrinsic Factor
____ are part of the body’s reticuloendothelial system; they engulf harmful bacteria and anemic red blood cells. (Protective function of liver.)
Kupffer cells.
____ is the larges organ in the body (other than the skin).
Liver
3 major categories of liver function.
Storage
Protection
Metabolism
Location of the liver.
RUQ of abdomen
____ is a pear shaped bulbous sac that is located under the liver.
Gallbladder
____ is the longest and most convoluted portion of the digestive system measuring 16 to 19 feet.
Small Intestine
Three different regions of the Small Intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilieum
____ extends about five to six feet in length from the ileocecal valve to the anus and is lined with columnar epithelium that has absorptive mucous cells.
Large Intestine
____ is a loss of appetite for food?
Anorexia
____ is a term for indigestion or heartburn.
Dyspepsia
Mnemonic that is helpful for assessing pain in pt’s with GI disorders.
PQRST
Precipitating or Palliative- what causes/relieves. Noticed when?
Quality or quantity- How look, feel, sound, intense/severe?
Region or radiation- where? has/does it spread
Severity scale- 0-10, better, worse, or same?
Timing- onset: when. Duration: how long. Frequency: how often?
____ is the Yellowing of the skin caused by bilirubin pigments?
Jaundice
____ is the term for an enlarged liver?
Hepatomegaly
____ is the term for an enlarged spleen?
Splenomegaly
____ is a term for fatty stools?
Steatorrhea
____ is a x-ray visualization from the mouth to the duodenojejunal junction. Used to detect disorders of structor or function of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.
Upper GI radiographic series
____ is an x-ray of the biliary duct system using ann iodinated dye instilled via a percutaneous needle inserted through the liver into the intrahepatic ducts.
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
____ is a direct visualization of the GI tract using a flexible fiberoptic endoscope.
Endoscopy
____ is a visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
____ includes visual and radiographic examination of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas to id the came and location of obstruction.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
____ is a small incision in the sphincter around the ampulla of hater. Performed to remove gallstones.
Papillotomy
____ is a small bowel endoscopy
Enteroscopy
____ is an endoscopic examination of the entire large bowel.
Colonoscopy
____ is a non invasive imaging procedure to obtain multidimensional views of the entire colon.
CT colonography aka
Virtual Colonoscopy
____ presents as slowly developing changes in the oral mucous membranes causing thickened, white, firmly attached patches than cannot be easily scraped off.
Leukoplakia
____ appear as red, velvety mucosal lesions on the surface of the oral mucosa.
Erythroplakia
____ is a noninvasive surgical intervention that involves extreme cold application to remove lesions of the oral cavity.
Cryotherapy
____ is the removal of the tongue.
Glossectomy
____ is the removal of the jaw.
Mandibulectomy
____ is a COMbined neck dissection, MANDibulectoomy, and Oropharyngeal resection.
Comando procedure
____ is the inflammation of a salivary gland.
Acute sialadenitis
____ is the most common upper GI disorder in the US.
GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease)
____ occurs as a result of backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
GER Gastroesophageal reflux
____ is a term to describe a person with acute symptoms of inflammation of the esophageal mucosa.
Reflux esophagitits
____ increase the risk for development of GERD due to the creation of increased intra-abdominal pressure.
Hiatal Hernias
____ is a narrowing of the esophageal opening than can be caused by the fibrosis and scarring from the healing of tissues affected by GERD.
Esophageal Stricture
____ is a term to describe indigestion.
Dyspepsia
____ is the backward flow of food particles or fluids into the throat.
Regurgitation
____ is a hypersecretion salivary reflex. Pt’s report a sensation of fluid in the throat.
Water Brash
____ is a term for belching.
Eructation
____ is a term for painful swallowing.
Odynophagia
____ is an “upper endoscopy” that involves the insertion of an endoscope down the throat, which allows the hcp to see the esophagus and look for abnormalities.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
____ is the most accurate method of diagnosing GERD.
pH monitoring exam
____ are also called diaphragmatic hernias, that involve the protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the chest.
Hiatal hernia
____ is a term for air swallowing.
Aerophagia
____ is the spreading of cancers throughout the body.
Metastasize
____ results from the exposure to acid and pepsin, which leads to the replacement of normal distal squamous mucosa with columnar epithelium as a response to tissue injury.
Barrett’s Esophagus
____ is the most common symptom of esophageal cancer, but it may not be present until the esophageal opening has gotten much smaller.
Dysphagia
____ is the term for foul breath.
Halitosis
____ is the removal of all or part of the esophagus.
Esophagectomy
____ involves the removal of part of the esophagus and proximal stomach.
Esophagogastrostomy
____ are sacs resulting from the herniation of esophageal mucosa and submucosa into surrounding tissue.
Diverticula
____ is the inflammation of gastric mucosa.
Gastritis
____ is the self digestion of the stomach.
Autodigestion
____ appears as a patchy, diffuse inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach.
Chronic Gastritis
____ is the result of depleted vitamin B12 storage.
Pernicious Anemia
____ has been associated with the presence of antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor.
Type A Chronic Gastritis
____ is the most common form of chronic gastritis that is caused by H. pylori.
Type B Gastritis
____ is a type of chronic gastritis that is seen most often in older adults.
Atrophic Gastritis
___ is the vomiting of blood.
Hematemsis
____ is the term for dark, sticky feces, as evidence of blood in the stool.
Melena
____ is a term for heartburn/indigestion.
Dyspepsia
____ is a mucosal lesion of the stomach or duodenum.
Peptic Ulcer
____ results when mucosal defenses become impaired and no longer protect the epithelium from the effects of acid and pepsin.
Peptic Ulcer Disease
____ are multiple shallow erosions of the stomach and occasionally the proximal duodenum.
Stress Ulcers
____ is the term for pain when the pt’s abdomen is tender, rigid, and board like. Assuming a fetal position helps decrease the tension.
Periontitis
____ is the insertion of a large bore NGT with instillation of a room-temp solution in volumes of 200 to 300 mL.
Gastric Lavage
____ is the absence of the secretion of hydrochloric acid.
Achlorhydria
____ is a term that refers to a group of vasomotor symptoms that occur after eating.
Dumping Syndrome
____ is also known as bile reflux gastropathy, and is a complication of gastric surgery in which the pylorus is bypassed or removed.
Alkaline Reflux Gastropathy
____ is a functional GI disorder that causes chronic or recurrent diarrhea, constipation, and/or abdominal pain and bloating.
IBS
____ is the most common digestive disorder seen in clinical practice and may affect as many as one in five people in the US.
IBS
____ is a weakness in the abdominal muscle wall through which a segment of the bowel or other abdominal structure protrudes.
Hernia
____ is a sac formed from the peritoneum that contains a portion of the intestine or momentum.
Indirect Inguinal Hernia
____ pass through a weak point in the abdominal wall.
Direct Inguinal Hernias
____ protrude through the femoral ring. A plug of fat in the femoral canal enlarges and eventually pulls the peritoneum and often the urinary bladder into the sac.
Femoral Hernias
____ are congenital or acquired hernias and appear in infancy. Some are a direct result from increased intra-abdominal pressure. and can be seen in the obese.
Umbilical Hernias
____ are hernias that occur at the site of a previous surgical incision. Caused by inadequate healing.
Incisional or Ventral Hernias
____ is a term to describe when the blood supply to the hernia and segment of the bowel is cut off by pressure from the her nail ring.
Strangulated
____ are tumors that arise from the glandular epithelial tissue of the colon.
Adenocarcinomas
____ is the passage of red blood via the rectum.
Hematochezia
____ is an oncofetal antigen and is elevated in may people with CRC.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
____ is the removal f the tumor and regional lymph nodes in CRC.
Colon Resection.
____ is the removal of the colon.
Colectomy
____ is the surgical creation of an opening of the colon onto the surface of the abdomen.
Colostomy
____ is the surgical reattachment
Anastomosis
____ is created by dividing the bowel and bringing both the proximal and sitar portions to the abdominal surface to create two stomas.
Double-Barrel Stoma
____ is the term for when the bowel is physically blocked by problems outside the intestine, in the bowel wall,or in the intestinal lumen.
Mechanical Obstruction.
____ does not involve a physical obstruction in or outside the intestine.
Nonmechanical obstuction
aka
Paralytic Ileus
____ is a blockage in two different areas.
Closed-Loop Obstruction
____ is an obstruction with compromised blood flow.
Strangulated Obstruction
____ is the telescoping of a segment of the intestine within itself. (Can cause Mechanical Obstruction)
Intussusception
____ is the twisting of the intestine. (Can cause Mechanical Obstruction)
Volvulus
____ is the inability to pass stool; intractable constipation.
Obstipation
____ are high pitched bowel sounds.
Borborygmi
____ is a surgical opening of the abdominal cavity to investigate the cause of the obstruction.
Exploratory Laparotomy
____ are small growths in the intestinal tract that are covered with mucosa and attached to the surface of the intestine.
Polyps
____ are unnaturally swollen or distended veins in the anorectal region.
Hemorrhoids
____ are hemorrhoids that cannot be seen on inspection of the perineal area, and lie above the anal sphincter.
Internal
____ are hemorrhoids that lie below the anal sphincter and can be seen on inspection of the anal region.
External
____ is a syndrome associated with a variety of disorders and intestinal surgical procedures.
malabsorption
____ are greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces.
Steatorrhea
