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Geography > Geography Unit 6 > Flashcards

Geography Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Agribusiness

A

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production; to retailing; to consumption of agricultural products.

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2
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Agriculture

A

The art and science of producing food from the land and tending livestock for the purpose of human consumption.

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3
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Animal Husbandry

A

An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals; such as cattle; horses; sheep; and goats.

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4
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Biotechnology

A

A form of technology that uses living organisms; usually genes; to modify products; to make or modify plants and animals; or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

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5
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Capital Intensive Agriculture

A

Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods; such as machinery; tools; vehicles; and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods- a process requiring very little human labor.

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6
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Commercial Agricultural Economy

A

All agricultural activity generated for the purpose of selling; not necessarily for local consumption.

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7
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Commodity Chains

A

A linked system of processes that gather resources; convert them into goods; package them fr distribution; disperse them; and sell them on the market.

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8
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Dairying

A

An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock; most commonly cows and goats; for dairy products such as milk; cheese; and butter.

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9
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Desertification

A

The process by which formerly fertile lands become increasingly arid; unproductive; and desert-like.

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10
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Domestication

A

The conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves.

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11
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Extensive Agriculture

A

An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.

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12
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Feedlots

A

Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to as factory farms.

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13
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Fertile Crescent

A

Area located in the crescent shaped zone near the southeastern Mediterranean coast (including Iraq; Syria; Lebanon; and Turkey); which was once a lush environment and one of the first hearths of domestication and thus agricultural activity.

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14
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Food Security

A

People’s ability to access sufficient; safe; nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.

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15
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Genetically Modified Foods

A

Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes; such as disease resistance; increased productivity; or nutritional value allowing growers greater control; predictability; and efficiency.

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16
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Green Revolution

A

The development of higher yield and fast growing crops through increased technology; pesticides; and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe.

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17
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Horizontal Integration

A

A form of corporate organization in which several; branches of a company or several commonly owned companies work together to sell their products in different markets.

18
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Hunting and Gathering

A

The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits; roots; nuts; and other plans for sustenance.

19
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Industrial Revolution

A

The rapid economic changes that occurred in agriculture and manufacturing in England in the late 18th century and that rapidly spread to other parts of the developed world.

20
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Intensive Cultivation

A

Any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield.

21
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Labor- Intensive Agriculture

A

Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful.

22
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Livestock Ranching

A

An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic ares typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.

23
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Mechanization

A

In agriculture; the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.

24
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Mediterranean Agriculture

A

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe; California; and portions of Chile and Australia; in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes; avocados; olives; and a host of nuts; fruits; and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations.

25
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Organic Agriculture

A

The use of crop rotation; natural fertilizers such as manure; and biological pest control; as opposed to artificial fertilizers;pesticides; hormones; antibiotics; additives; and genetically modified organisms; to promote healthy vigorous crops.

26
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Pastoralism

A

A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food; clothing; and shelter.

27
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Pesticides

A

Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants; but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.

28
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Planned Agricultural Economy

A

An agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution.

29
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Plantation

A

A large; frequently foreign owned piece of agricultural land devoted to the production of a single export crop.

30
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Salinization

A

Process that occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation. In arid climates; water evaporates quickly off the ground surface; leaving salt residues that render the soil infertile.

31
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Shifting Cultivation

A

The use of tropical forest clearings for crop prodction until their fertility is lost. Plots are then abandoned; and farmers move on to new sites.

32
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Slash and Burn Cultivation

A

System of cultivation that usually exists in tropical areas where vegetation is cut close to the ground and then ignited. The fire introduces nutrients into the soil; thereby making it productive for a relatively short period of time.

33
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Specialty Crops

A

Crops including items like peanuts and pineapples; which are produced; usually in developing countries; for export.

34
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Subsistence Agricultural Economy

A

Any farm economy in which most crops are grown for nearly exclusive family or local consumption.

35
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Sustainability

A

A set of policies or practices by which societies can ensure that the people of the future have the same access to resources and thus the same economic and environmental opportunities as people living today.

36
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Swidden

A

Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash and burn method.

37
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Topsoil Loss

A

Loss of the top fertile layer of soil is lost through erosion. It is a tremendous problem in areas with fragile soils; steep slopes; or torrential seasonal rains.

38
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Transhumance

A

The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns; generally lowland areas in the winter; and highland areas in the summer.

39
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Urban Sprawl

A

The process of urban areas expanding outwards; usually in the form of suburbs; and developing over fertile agricultural land.

40
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Vertical Integration

A

A form of corporate organization in which one firm controls multiple aspects or phases of a commodity chain.

41
Q

Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary

Von Thunen Model

A

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely; activities that are more extensive ; with goods that are easy to transport; are located farther from the market where rent is less.

Geography (14 decks)

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