Geography Paper1 Flashcards
What is a ‘natural hazard’?
A natural event (for example earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, flood) that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death
What is hazard risk?
Hazard risk is the chance or probability of being affected by a natural event
What factors affect hazard risk?
Poverty - poorer places will struggle to adequately prepare for a hazard or be able to respond.
Magnitude - the severity of the hazard will make the impacts worse
Population density - areas that have high populations will experience more destruction.
Education - how educated the population are to react and prepare for the hazard
Describe the structure of the earth starting from the outermost layer?
OUTERMOST: 1. Crust - the outermost layer of the Earth, broken into tectonic plates.
2. Mantle - semi-molten part of the Earth.
3. Outer core - liquid iron and nickel
CENTRE: 4. Inner core - solid iron and nickel
What causes the plates to move?
Convection currents in the mantle
What are convection currents
Circulating movements of magma in the mantle caused by the heat of the core
Describe the global distribution of earthquakes?
Earthquakes occur in lines which coincide with plate margins. There are many along the western coast of North and South America.
Describe the global distribution of volcanic eruptions.
Volcanoes are found both on land and in the sea. They tend to be found along plate margins. Some volcanoes are found in the centre of plates. These are known as hot spots. There is a large band of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean known as the Ring of Fire.
What is oceanic crust?
The part of the Earth’s crust which is below the oceans.
What is continental crust
The part of the Earth’s crust that makes the continents
What is the difference between oceanic and continental crust?
Oceanic crust is thinner (5-10km thick) and more dense than continental crust.
Oceanic crust is recycled at destructive margins as it subducts under the continental crust.
Continental crust is thicker (20-200km thick) and is less dense than oceanic crust.
Continental crust cannot be destroyed.
What is a conservative plate margin?
A plate margin where the tectonic plates are sliding past each other
What is a constructive plate margin?
plate margin where the tectonic plates are moving apart
What is a destructive plate margin?
plate margin where an oceanic and a continental plate collide
What are tectonic hazards
Threats posed by earthquakes, volcanoes etc
What is subduction?
The transformation into magma of a denser tectonic plate as it dives under a less dense plate
Define ‘epicentre
The point on the ground directly above the focus (centre) of the earthquake
Define ‘focus’?
The point of origin of an earthquake
What are tectonic plates
The large pieces of broken crust that cover the earth
What is a plate margin?
boundary between two tectonic plates
What are primary effects?
The impacts of a natural disaster that happen immediately or soon after the event
What are secondary effects
The after effects of a disaster eg. disease spreads or economic losses
Define response?
The way in which people react to a situation eg. an earthquake
List two characteristics of a composite volcano?
Made up of alternating layers of lava and ash (other volcanoes just consist of lava)
Found at destructive boundaries
List two characteristics of a shield volcano?
Shield volcanoes are usually found at constructive or tensional boundaries
They are low, with gently sloping sides
List some reasons why people live in areas at risk from tectonic hazards?
Fertile farmland on volcanic soil (environmental)
Income from tourism (economic)
Lack of other alternatives (social)
Mining precious minerals (socio-economic)
Describe the primary effects of the Nepal earthquake
9,000 deaths
20,000 people injured
3 million without a home
US$5 billion of damage
50% shops destroyed
Airport became congested as aid arrived
Schools and buildings destroyed
1.4 million people needed food and water days after the quake
Describe the secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake
Ground shaking triggered landslides and avalanches, blocking roads, making relief difficult
Avalanches killed 19 people
A landslide blocked the Kali Gandaki River - causing risk of flood.
Describe the immediate responses to the Nepal earthquake
Other countries helped in search and rescue and provided medical supplies.
Helicopters rescued people caught in the avalanche on Mount Everest.
Half a million tents needed to provide shelter for the homeless
Field hospitals were set up to alleviate pressure on hospitals.
300,000 people migrated from Kathmandu
Social media helped to map damage of area
Describe the long term responses to the Nepal earthquake?
Roads repaired and landslides cleared.
Lakes, formed by landslides damming rivers, were emptied to avoid flooding.
Homeless were re-housed.
School to be re-built or repaired.
Reopening of some heritage sites to boost tourism.
Everest Base camp repaired
Describe what is meant by ‘monitoring’ tectonic hazards?
Using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as a volcanic eruption
What is meant by ‘prediction’?
Using evidence and monitoring information to make a judgement about when an earthquake or volcano is likely to happen.
What is meant by tectonic hazard ‘protection’?
Designing buildings to withstand tectonic hazards
Define immediate response
Short-term or immediate - a response in the days and weeks immediately after a disaster has happened. Short-term responses mainly involve search and rescue and helping the injured. Long-term - responses that go on for months and years after a disaster.
Define long term response
Long-term - responses that go on for months and years after a disaster. It involves rebuilding destroyed houses, schools, hospitals, etc. It also involves kick-starting the local economy.
Name 4 different ways of mangement
Planning, prediction, protection, monitoring
What happened during ‘super’ Typhoon Haiyan
On the 8th November 2013, at 4:40 am, a category 5 tropical storm hit the Philippines with wind speeds up to 275 km/h and waves as high as 15 m
What were 3 of the primary effects of this storm?
About 6,300 people died, 90% of Tacloban city was destroyed and around 30,000 fishing boats were destroyed
What were 3 of the secondary effects of this storm?
6 million people lost their source of income, power supplies were cut off for a month and shortages of water, food and shelter affected many people leading to outbreaks of disease
What were some of the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?
The authorities evacuated 800,000 people, many sought refuge in an indoor stadium in Tacloban but died when it flooded also a curfew was imposed two days after Typhoon Haiyan to reduce looting
What were some of the longer term response to Typhoon Haiyan?
In July 2014, The government introduced the ‘Build Back Better’, a new storm surge warning system was developed and mangroves were replanted
What were some of the economic consequences of Typhoon
The damage to rice cost US$53 million, three-quarters of farmers and fishers lost their income and the overall damage was US$12 billion
What was the international response to Typhoon Haiyan?
Thirty-three countries and international organisations pledged help, with rescue operations and an estimated US$88.871 million but also more than US$1.5 billion was pledged in foreign aid
The ‘Beast from the East’ describes…
The cold and windy weather conditions that affected the U.K. from the 24th February to the 4th March 2018
How was Storm Emma involved?
BfE combined with Storm Emma which made landfall on the 2nd March (primary impact of winds in excess of 70mph)
Some places experienced temps as low as…. (primary impact)
-10 degrees
How much snow fell over course of 3 day? (Primary impact)
15-20cm
What was singaled around the whole of UK
Red warnings, which means there is a ‘risk to life’
What did met office issue? (response)
Where were hundreds stranded for up to 36 hours? (Primary impact)
On the M80 motorway in Scotland and A roads in Devon
What is climate change
Overall weather in an area over a long period of time.
What are green house gases
Greenhouse gases
Gases in the atmosphere that absorb thermal energy in the atmosphere. CO2 (carbon dioxide), H2O (water vapour), CH4 (methane), and NO (nitrous oxide)
What are natural greenhouse gases
Natural Greenhouse effected
Naturally occurring warming effect from natural greenhouse gases. Without this the earth would be 18 degrees colder on average.
What is enhanced greenhouse effect
Enhanced Greenhouse effect
Caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases and is trapping more heat within the atmosphere. Currently this has caused global temperatures to rise by 1-1.5degrees since pre-industrial levels.
What are sun’s spots
Sun spots
darker or brighter areas on the sun. Causes a change in global temperatures due to more or less solar radiation.
When was the earthquake?
Midday, 22nd February 2011
Where is Christchurch?
South Island, New Zealand
What was it on the Richter scale?
6.3
How many people died?
181
What were some of the Primary effects of the earthquake
deaths
half of all buildings in Christchurch destroyed or damaged
schools closed
power and telephone lines were knocked out
burst pipes deluged the streets with flooding
6 storey Canterbury television building collapsed, killing 85
What were Secondary effects of the earthquake
Money lost as businesses closed
building took months to be repaired and rebuilt
cost of reconstruction = £13 billion
10,000 people migrated away
What were Short term response of earthquake
military helped rescue efforts
government accepted offer of specialised help from Australia
fire and ambulance crew searched for survivors
What were Long term responses of earthquake
Government set up the ‘Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority’
city divided into four zones to help manage the damage efficiently
How were they prepared?
funding from government provides earthquake insurance to homeowners
public education programs to remind homeowners to ‘quake safe’ there home
detected and monitored the earthquakes
older buildings were reinforced so they were more earthquake resistant.
What are the main features that the Lake District is known for?
Mountains and Ribbon Lakes
How many residents are living in the District?
40,000
How many visitors do the district attract yearly?
16.4 million tourists a year.
What is the problem with job sustainability in the District?
The jobs are seasonal and low-paying as many revolve around the tourism industry.
The roads are sometimes very congested due to the fluctuations in visitor numbers at given times, state a problem with this.
There is lots of pollution given off from cars.
How can tourism become more sustainable for the Lake District in the future?
Visitor number restrictions.
Fundraising for footpath repair.
Educating visitors on their damage.
Many groups wish to use land in the lake district differently, state some groups that have conflicting issues with land usage.
National Trust
Farmers
Conservationists
Tourists
Private owners
State some activities that tourists could enjoy.
Walking, Hiking, Cycling, Rock Climbing, Boat Cruises, Museums,
What is the ‘National Parks and when did lake district become a national park
1949
Established the concept of National Parks in order to protect their beauty
national park, an area set aside by a national government for the preservation of the natural environment. A
We’re was it located
Cumbria, North West England
What is a ‘National Park Planning authority?’
An Authority in charge of balancing the demands of sustaining a prosperous economy and vibrant communities with the needs of this spectacular landscape
What are the main reasons for the Lake Districts popularity?
The spectacular scenery of the mountains and lakes
Sporting Activities
Historical buildings and Vernacular architecture
Locations made famous b famous writers and artists
How have planning restrictions impacted tourism in the Lake District?
All new buildings must be made in local stone increasing cost of new tourist amenities
Lack of accomdation
Roads narrows and get overhwhelmed in peak periods
Benefits to the local community
2014 - £1.1 billion economic value of Tourism
Number of related jobs - 16,031
The fact people are employed within the Lake District helps to maintain local essential services such as schools and hospitals
How is a problem caused by tourism dealt with in Lake District
Footpath erosion is dealt with by protecting the pathways with stone or re-seeding with fertilizer and grass by helicopter
Problems in the Lake District National Park (5)
1.Car parks always full. 2.Massive congestion/traffic. 3.Path erosion. 4.Local people feel the town isn’t theirs and belongs to the tourists. 5.House prices are rising because its so popular.
The UK’s main upland areas tend to be….
In the north and west of the country
The UK’s main lowland areas tend to be
In the south and east if the country
What is the process of freeze thaw weathering
- Water enters cracks in the rock.
- When temperatures drop, the water freezes and expands causing the crack to widen.
- The ice melts and water makes its way deeper into the cracks.
- The process repeats itself until the rock splits entirely.
What is hydraulic action?
the sheer power of the waves as they smash against the cliff
What is abrasion?
This is when pebbles grind along a rock platform, much like sandpaper.
Over time the rock becomes smooth.
What is attrition?
This is when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other.
They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.
What is solution (erosion)?
This is when sea water dissolves certain types of rocks.
In the UK, chalk and limestone cliffs are prone to this type of erosion.
What is solution (transportation)?
Soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along.
What is suspension?
Small particles like silt and clay are carried along by the water.
What is saltation
bounced along the river bed by the force of the water.
What is traction
Large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed by the force of the water.
What is a lateral moraine
Lateral moraine - material deposited along both sides of the glacier. This moraine is usually made up of weathered material that has fallen from the valley sides above the glacier.
What is medial moraine
Medial moraine - material deposited in the middle of the glacier. This is caused by the lateral moraines of two glaciers when they meet.
What is a terminal moraine
Terminal moraine - material deposited at the end of the glacier.
What are marine processes?
The base of cliffs being eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion
What is Lake District National Park
A large region found in the North west of England that is protected by law for tourism
What is a national park
a tract of land declared by the national government to be public property
What is footpath erosion
Where too many visitors feet trample the ground underneath
What is traffic congestion
Where cars have slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased queueing a real problem in the Lake District
Name six different land uses in the Lake District
Farming
Water resources
Quarrying
Tourism
Forestry
Settlement
Fish Would Quite Fiercely Take Shoes
Conflict vs uses of land in forestry
Large plantation are planted, farmers object as forestry acidification the soil which prevent there crops growing. Locals don’t like it when trees are cut down as it increases floods
Conflict and uses of military training
Use raf pilots that fly around pyramidal peaks and throughs. Walkers and wildlife complain due to noise
Conflict vs uses in wind turbines
Upland area use wind turbines due to the wind conditions, few residents complain. Tourist and residents object because they spoil landscape
Impact of tourism on traffic
Worst at weekend
Long twisty roads
Congestion increases costs of traffic
25% of tourists reported overcrowding spoilt their visit
Solutions to traffic problems
Build new roads - by passes
Widen roads
Park and ride schemes
ban heavy lorries
Impact of tourism on employment
Seasonal
Low paid
Low skilled
What are some examples of physical attractions
Adventure activities such as abseiling, rock climbing
What arensome cultural attractions
Manchester Castle is a historic site in the area
What are corries
Large, hollowed-out depressions found on the upper slopes of glaciated valleys. The features of Corries include a steep back wall and a raised lip at the front.
What is a tarn
Small mountain lake or pool formed in a corrie
What is a arete
narrow, knifelike ridge separating two adjacent glaciated valleys.
What is a pyramidal peak
Where several corries cut back to meet at a central point, the mountain takes the form of a steep pyramid
What is a truncated spur
An eroded interlocking spur characterised by having a very steep cliff.
What is a glacial through
A U-shaped mountain valley that has been widened, deepened, and straightened by a glacier
What is a ribbon lake
A long, narrow lake in the bottom of a glacial trough
What is a hanging valley
A valley left by a melted tributary glacier that enters a larger glacial valley above its base, high up on the valley wall
What is a glacial depostuon
When a glacier melts, it deposits the sediment it eroded from the land, creating various landforms.
What is a drumlin
A long mound of till that is smoothed in the direction of the glacier’s flow
