Geography Paper 2 Flashcards
what are the causes of deindustrialisation in the UK?
machines instead of people
globalisation (cheaper to manufacture and transport from abroad)
decline in resources e.g. iron
what are different ways of classifying the world according to economic development and quality of life?
first, second and third world
north/ south divide
HIC, NEE, LIC
what is an NEE country?
Newly emerging economy
factory expansion and industrialisation
what is an LIC country?
Low income country
agriculture is important to economy
what are the strengths of GNI?
economic measure
accurate if calculated over small population
data released yearly for comparable information
what are the weakness of GNI?
doesn’t show inequalities between rich and poor
constant migration makes population hard to find out
converted to USD but exchange rate always changes
what does HDI (Human development index) measure?
what does HDI (Human development index) measure?
income
life expectancy
education level
what are the strengths of HDI?
takes into account multiple factors
more accurate and gives more rounded perspective
what are the weaknesses of HDI?
many factors it doesn’t take into account
lacks year to year comparability
lots of data is harder to collect
what is the demographic transition model?
shows how birth and death rate affect a population
describe stage 1 of the demographic transition model
birth rate: high and fluctuating
death rate: high and fluctuating
population growth rate: none
explain stage 1 of the demographic transition model?
no contraception
high infant mortality
poor healthcare
disease and famine
describe stage 2 of the demographic transition model?
birth rate: high and steady
death rate: rapidly falling
population growth rate: very high
explain stage 2 of the demographic transition model
better healthcare
agriculture-based economy
plentiful children to work
describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model?
birth rate: rapidly falling
death rate: slowly falling
population growth rate: high
explain stage 3 of the demographic transition model?
increased contraception
more working women
economy changes to manufacturing
improved healthcare
describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model?
birth rate: low and fluctuating
death rate: low and fluctuating
population growth rate: nil
explain stage 4 of the demographic transition model?
education and emancipation of women
high standard of living
good healthcare
predictions for stage 5 of the demographic transition model?
birth rate: slowly decreasing
death rate: slightly increasing
population growth rate: negative
what are the physical causes of uneven development?
climate
water quality
natural hazards
few natural resources
how does climate affect uneven development?
difficult to produce crops
malnutrition, nothing to sell
poor tourism attraction
climate-related disease
what are the economic causes of uneven development?
debt
world trade
primary-product based economy
what are the historical/ political causes of uneven development?
colonisation
war and conflict
corruption
what is the development gap?
difference in standards of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries
what at the consequences of uneven development?
disparities in wealth and health
internation migration
what are the issues of international migration?
contribute to HIC economies rather than LICs
can create dependency
competition for jobs
what are the main strategies to reduce the development gap?
investment
aid
intermediate technology
fair trade
debt relief
microfinance loans
what is investment?
buy property or invest in infrastructure
what are the positives of investment?
improves skills and expertise of locals
increased trade and services
jobs and opportunities
what are the negatives of investment?
people can be exploited
money goes to TNCs instead of locals
what is aid?
money or resources given to another country by charity from another government
what is fair-trade?
trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries
what are the negatives of aid?
wasted by corrupted government
can create dependency
projects stop working if no local knowledge
what are the positives of fair trade?
access to bigger markets
access to premium can be invested into better quality of life
what are the negatives of fair trade?
boosts retailers profit
limited customer base
what is intermediate technology?
small-scale, sustainable technology that locals take ownership of
what are the positives of intermediate technology?
local and sustainable
improves quality of life
what are the negatives of intermediate technology?
hard to always be 100% appropriate
only ever small-scale
what is debt relief?
when some or all of a country’s debt is cancelled
what are the benefits of debt relief?
more money to spend on development and improving quality of life
what are the negatives of debt relief?
money can be wasted by corruption
can create a dependency
impacts other countries
how is Nigeria important regionally?
largest population of any African country
highest GDP in Africa
one of the fastest growing economies in Africa
what are three of Nigeria’s main exports?
crude oil
cotton
rubber
how is Nigeria important globally?
21st largest economy
12th largest oil exporter
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping
environmental context of Nigeria?
rainforests in the south, drier climate in the north
natural land replaced by agriculture
cocoa and oil palm
What are 3 nigerias imports
Crude oil
Cottenham rubeber
political context of Nigeria?
gained independence in 1960
civil war (1967-1970)
military dictatorships
now a democracy
how is Nigeria important globally?
21st largest economy
12th largest oil exporter
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping
what are the disadvantages of TNCs to Nigeria?
local workers poorly paid
poor working conditions
management jobs go to foreign workers
generated profit goes abroad
grants and subsidies used to attract TNCs could have been used to invest in Nigerian industry
what is the benefits of TNCs for Nigeria’s economic development
provide employment and development of new skills
more money spent in economy
investment in infrastructure and education
valuable export revenues
how does manufacturing stimulate economic growth?
more secure income - able to buy more
more tax revenue
attraction of foreign investment
oil processing creates chemical by products
Why is Nigeria’s economy developing?
rapid advances in technology
greater environmental concerns
investment in skills training
increased telecommunications use
how is Nigeria’s economy changing?
shifting from agriculture to industry
increase in services
why is Nigeria’s economy shifting from primary to secondary?
increasing use of farm machinery
better pay in other sectors
industrialisation has increased employment in oil production
How does manufacturing stimulate economic growth?
more secure income - able to buy more
more tax revenue
attraction of foreign investment
oil processing creates chemical by products
why is Nigeria’s economy shifting from primary to secondary?
increasing use of farm machinery
better pay in other sectors
industrialisation has increased employment in oil production
how has economic development effected quality of life in Nigeria?
higher disposable income
improvements to infrastructure
safe water and sanitation
what are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria?
harmful pollutants go straight into water ecosystems
agriculture and industrial development causes deforestation
desertification
give examples of how aid has helped Nigeria?
aid from US educates people on AIDS
UKID funded a health and development programme
NGOs deliver successful community projects, such as the distribution of mosquito nets
what are Nigeria’s global trading relationships?
imports phones from China
12th largest oil exporter in world
now trades with China , who are investing in the country
disadvantages of Shell in Nigeria?
oil spills cause water pollution
soil degradation reduces agricultural opportunity
oil theft costs millions of taxpayers money
advantages of Shell in Nigeria?
major contributions in tax and export revenue
direct employment to 65000 Nigerian workers
supports growth of Nigerian energy sector
how has the manufacturing industry helped economic development?
Nigeria has oil fields in the Nigerian Delta that help with TNI.
Aliko Dangote, richest man in Nigeria, began companies like Dangote cement which has improved Nigeria’s GDP.
Dangote cement has operations in 13 African nations.
His sugar refineries and flour and food industries also help with the economic growth.
Innoson is a Nigerian vehicle company with exports across the continent.
These have all helped with income investment and infrastructure
what is globalisation?
the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange
how did we move into a post-industrial economy?
development of information technology
service industries
finance
research
science and business parks
what are the service industries?
industries that involve research and development, where ideas are transformed into workable products
what are business parks?
purpose built areas of offices and warehouses, often at the edge of a city and on a main road
what are science parks?
science parks are often located near university sites, and high-tech industries are established
scientific research and commercial development may be carried out in co-operation with the university
advantages of Cambridge Science Park?
pleasant working environment
highly skilled grduates
accessible via M11 and A14
Stansted airport nearby
Train route to London
Lower property value than London
HS2 benefits?
thousands of jobs in midlands and north
estimated to generate £40 billion for economy
decrease road travellers, less air pollution
more commuters able to go north
more investment into northern areas
HS2 negatives?
more likely to increase commuters into London, increasing north-south divide
estimated cost between £40 and £80 billion
difficult to truly estimate cost
existing rail routes could be improved instead
high-speed trains use more power, high emissions
demolition of valuable countryside
why is there a north-south divide?
deindustrialisation had higher impact
negative multiplier effect
decreasing population as more migrate south
describe 3 strategies that could be used to reduce the north-south divide?
airport expansion - Manchester airport
HS2 London - Birmingham - Manchester Liverpool , Leeds Newcastle
‘smart motorway’ M4 corridor London - Newport - Cardiff - Swansea
what are the UK trade links?
EU
USA
China
UK place of culture in a wider world?
successful TV exports
successful music
English language has 3rd most speakers in the world
Uk transport importance?
over 40 international airports
6 airports in and around London
Channel Tunnel
sea ferries
Affect of tourism on employment?
-Tourism in Jamaica provides 200,000 people with jobs in the tourist industry (so people who don’t live near tourist areas can struggle).
-But, community and eco-tourism is expanding in more isolated regions with people running small scale guest houses or acting as guide
Affect of tourism on its economy?
-One of the few growth sectors of its economy.
-Accounts for 24% of Jamaica’s GDP.
-Income from tourism is US$2 billion each year, taxes payed to the government contribute to country’s development.
-Average spending of visitors is $120 per day.
How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development?
-Economy
-Employment
-Environment
-Infrastructure
-Quality of life
Tourist attractions in Jamaica?
-Sea side towns like Kingston and Ocho Rios.
-Beautiful beaches and a warm sunny climate
-Rich cultural heritage
-Watersports and deep sea fishing
-National parks like Blue Mountains
-Attracts commercial holidays, and nature holidays
What is the state of Jamaica’s economy?
Its population is 2.7 million.
Its economy is based on:
-a range of minerals (such as Bauxite and oil).
-agricultural products (sugar and rum).
-some manufacturing.
-tourism.
It has suffered from slow growth, debt and high unemployment.
Where is Jamaica?
-Jamaica is located in the Caribbean to the south of Cuba.
-It is one of the largest islands in the west indies.
What is Jamaica case study
An example of how the growth of tourism in an
LIC or NEE helps to reduce the development
gap.
Affect of tourism on environment?
-Tourism has caused environmental problems such as path erosion, excessive waste and harmful emissions.
-But, sustainable ecotourism is expanding in some regions.
-Conservation projects that encourage tourists, provide job opportunities.
Affect of tourism on quality of life?
-In the northern tourist areas, wealthy Jamaicans live in high quality
housing with a high standard of living. These areas have benefited
from tourism.
-However, there’s an uneven distribution of wealth, as people nearby are still deprived of suitable housing, food, healthcare, education, etc.
Affect of tourism on infrastructure?
-Roads and airports have been slower to develop meaning that some parts of the island are isolated.
-New port and cruise lines facilities have been built on the island.
South Cambridgeshire social and economic effects of population growth?
social - increasing number of migrants, more skilled educated people
economic- lack of affordable housing, high petrol prices
outer Hebrides social and economic effects?
social - decline in quality of life, fewer of working age.
economic - 2 days a week work, services are closing
airport improvements - heathrow?
extra runway,
port improvements?
liverpool: double ports capacity, thousands of jobs created
rail improvements?
- high speed rail: extra seats and reduced travel time
- London’s crossrail: 32km of new tunnels, carry 1500 passengers per train
road improvements?
In 2014 announced a £15 billion road investement strategy.
- 100 new lanes
- 1300 new lane miles
- extra lanes
food security?
people at all times have access to safe and nutritious food to maintain an active and healthy life.
food insecurity?
-people go without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food
-more than 800 million people a day live every day with hunger/food insecurity
global distribution of food - LICs?
-Africa has the highest levels of undernourishment, particularly in the East (Sudan - undernourishment is over 35%)
-Africa has the greatest range - under 5% in the South, compared w higher levels in the East
-Also a great range in Asia + South America
global distribution of food - HICs?
HIC continents have low levels of undernourishment (under 5%)
What is undernourishment?
a level of food intake insufficient to meet dietary requirements
water scarcity?
when fresh water resources do not meet water demand
water surplus?
when the supply of water is greater than supply for water
What is water defict
When demand for water is greater than supply
global distribution of water - LICs?
-Africa has the most water scarcity- physical/potential to be physical water scarcity in North and South
-rest of the continent - economic water scarcity
-Asia has greatest range - no scarcity in North, physical/approaching physical scarcity in West, centre and East
global distribution of water - HICs?
-most HIC continents do not gave global water scarcity -South-Western USA and South-Eastern Australia are exceptions - they have physical water scarcity
energy security?
a country’s ability to secure all its energy needs
energy insecurity?
when the access to energy is via other countries
energy mix?
the balance of the different types of energy which a country uses
global distribution of energy - HICs?
HIC continents consume more energy (except for Eastern Europe)
global distribution of energy - LICs?
-LIC continents consume less energy
-Eastern Africa + South + South Eastern Asia consume the least amount of energy
-Asia has the greatest range
-Southern hemisphere consumes less energy than Northern hemisphere
how has the demand for food in the UK changed ?
- people are now buying a greater range of food from other countries - almost 50% of the UK’s food is now imported
-this is due to better transportation, new technology, and globalisation
pros of growing food in LICs - UK?
-can get fresh veg all year round
-strong trade relationships
-fewer people in primary sector - benefits UK’s economy
cons of growing food in LICs - UK?
environmental impacts - food miles + emissions - local + global impacts
pros of agribusiness?
-increases amount of food in the UK
-larger farms produce more food efficiently
-yield are greater - seeds have been engineered in a lab, chemical fertilisers have been used
cons of agribusiness?
-leads to hedgerow removal - habitat loss + soil erosion
-smaller family farms are brought up
-requires the use of chemical pesticides and fertilisers
What is agribusiness?
refers to treating food production like a large, industrial business - capital intensive
What is carbon footprint?
the measure of the impact that human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases they produce
What is food miles?
the distance that food travels from producer to consumer
What is water streea
When demand for water outstrips availability
cons of water transfer in UK - economic?
house prices could increase if popular destination
cons of water transfer in UK - social?
-a village was lost - community broken up - heritage and cultural loss
-conflict between Welsh + English
pros of water transfer in UK - environmental?
has created habitats
pros of water transfer in UK - economic?
-popular tourist destination - the multiplier effect - visitors will contribute to the local economy
-created jobs while it was being built
pros of water transfer in UK - social?
homes + businesses in Liverpool benefit from this transfer scheme - provides a clean supply of water for them
how has the demand for water in the UK changed?
-population growth + demographic change - more appliances used: sink, toilets, increased demand
-agriculture - farmers have to use irrigation due to hotter summers
-increased electricity demand - nuclear power stations require water
cons of water transfer in UK - environmental?
could have destroyed habitats - hard engineering
impacts of water pollution on people?
job loss - e.g. fishermen depend on clean water
Impacts of water pollution on the environment?
damage wildlife - increased water temps, also destroys habitats which disrupts ecosystems - loss in biodiversity
economic challenges - renewable?
expensive e.g. wind, solar and tidal
environmental opportunities - nuclear?
less polluting + cleaner than fossil fuels
economic opportunities - nuclear?
after initial investment, nuclear power energy is cheaper
environmental challenges - nuclear?
damaging to environment + people if a nuclear accident occurs
economic challenges - nuclear?
expensive to build
environmental opportunities - fossil fuels?
carbon capture storage
economic opportunities - fossil fuels?
creates jobs - multiplier effect
environmental challenges - fossil fuels?
burning fossil fuels creates greenhouse gases - contribute to climate change
economic challenges - fossil fuels?
mining coal causes environmental problems - expensive to clean up
global patterns of water?
-domestic use (6%)
-agricultural use (69%)
-industrial use (20%)
-energy use
-leisure use
Impacts of water insecurity?
waterborne diseases and water pollution, food production, industrial output, potential for conflict where demand exceeds supply
factors affecting water availability?
climate, geology, pollution of supply, food production, industrial output, infrastructure, poverty
reasons for increasing water consumption?
economic development, population change
challenges - fracking?
-pollution of groundwater
-can cause earthquakes
economic challenges - fracking?
expensive - e.g. cost of building supplies + acquiring chemicals
opportunities - fracking?
less harmful than burning fossil fuels
economic opportunities - fracking?
-produces energy cheaply
-provides jobs
environmental challenges - renewable?
wind turbines - affects bird migration patterns, noisy, ruin scenery
economic opportunities - renewable?
jobs are created - manufacturing, research + development
environmental opportunities - renewable?
Poduce much less carbon emissions
Why does the UK import so much food
Cheaper from abroad, demand for variety, UK climate not suitable to grow all food
How is the UK responding to the challenges of importing food?
Encouraging people to eat locally according to seasonal growth
What are the two trends in UK farming?
Agribusiness and organic produce
What are the two impacts of importing food?
Food miles and carbon footprint
What is organic produce?
grown without the use of chemicals. Has higher labour costs and can be more expensive. Often associated with buying local and seasonal foods.
What is agribusiness and its purpose?
intensive farming aimed at maximising the amount of food produced. Farms are run as commercial business, have high level of investment and use modern technology and chemicals
Price of energy?
Can go up and down wildly in countries without their own reserves of fossil fuels and dependent on imports
Energy conflict?
Disagreements over who has access to and control over energy resources. Can be price conflicts or as severe as all out war
who was it formed by?
Canada, USA, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia
Aluet international association
Saami council
why was the arctic treaty formed?
- to enhance coordination, cooperation and interaction amongst the arctic states
- promotes sustainable management and development with regards to local indigenous communities
what are the 3 ways it has made the region more sustainable?
- agreement on enhancing the international arctic scientific coopration
- agreement on cooperation on marine oil pollution preparedness and response in the arctic
- agreement on cooperation and aeronautical and maritime search and rescue in the arctic
what does the agreement on cooperation on marine oil pollution preparedness and response in the arctic mean?
- regional task force to clean up oil
- water quality is tested as it can be negatively affected by mining
- air pollution is tested and fed back to the UN panel on climate change
what are the 3 main long standing aims and work?
- protecting arctic peoples
- protecting arctic waters
- protecting arctic fauna and flora
how are arctic people protected?
- promoting ways of life
- encouraging people to holiday there
- employment, education and healthcare is improved, so development is not inhibited
how are arctic waters protected?
- monitoring pollution levels and quality and oceans
- predict the usage of future and present shipping routes to minimise damage
- economic development is enabled but the environment is protected
Newly Emerging Economy (NEE)?
Countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development, usually with rapid industrialisation. They differ from LICs in that they no longer rely primarily on agriculture, have made gains in infrastructure and industrial growth, and are experiencing increasing incomes and high levels of investment eg Brazil
What is Logging?
the cutting down of trees such as Mahogony for commercial purposes
What is Subsistence farming?
where poor farmers occupy plots of the forest to grow food to feed themselves and their families
What is Commercial farming?
the raising of crops and livestock for sale in markets, such as soya or beef cattle in the Amazon
What is Mineral extraction?
Where forests are cleared to make way for huge mines. The Brazilian part of the Amazon has mines that extract iron, manganese, nickel, tin, bauxite, beryllium, copper, lead, tungsten, zinc and gold!
Energy development in the amazon
Mainly using Hydro Electric Power, and there are 150 new dams planned for the Amazon alone.
Name of city of using renewable energy?
Malmo, Sweden
Where is Malmo in?
Southern Sweden
What is Renewable transport method?
All buses run on biogas and natural gas (less emissions)
How is cycling encouraged?
Cyclists have priority at traffic lights
Sensor lets them through the lights if they are red
What is Chambamontera’s solution to its energy deficit?
a micro-hydro scheme
What is the Chambamontera micro-hydro scheme
water is collected and then stored in a tank, it is then piped to a power house with a turbine and
Benefits of the scheme (2)?
provides renewable energy, low maintenance and running costs
How has the scheme benefited the local community? (3)?
regulating flow of water has reduced danger of flooding, electricity is available in the winter when demand is high, electricity supply is more consistent
How much did the scheme cost?
51000
Where is the micto hydro scheme location (3)?
1) Chambamontera is an isolated community in the Andes Mountains of Peru
2) More than 2 hours’ drive on a rough track from Jaen, the nearest town
Why has development been severely restricted?
1) Due to the lack of electricity for heat, light and power
2) Because the community is so isolated, due to the 1700m steep slopes and the rough roads which are impassable in winter
3) The low population density meant that it was uneconomic to build an electricity grid to serve the
How was Chambamontera’s energy deficit solved?
Through the construction of a micro-hydro scheme, which will last at least 25 years - supported by the charity Practical
Why was the area ideal for exploiting water power as a renewable source of energy?
1) High rainfall
2) Steep slopes
3) Fast flowing rivers
How much did the micro-hydro scheme cost and how was it paid for?
1) Total cost: $51,000
2) Some government investment
3) Some investment from Japan
4) Community had to pay part of the cost - average cost per family: $750
Give 4 general advantages of the scheme?
1) It provides renewable energy
2) It has little environmental impact
3) It has low maintenance and running costs
4) It used local labour and materials
Describe where Chambamontera is located?
It is located in the Andes Mountains of Peru. It is a two hours drive on a rough track from Jaen, the nearest town
Describe why energy is needed?
To provide electricity for heat, light and power for farms
Explain how the micro hydro scheme produces electricity?
The charity Practical Action uses water power as a renewable source of energy, due to high rainfall, steep slopes and fast-flowing rivers
Where does the money come from to build this project?
It had investment from Japan and the community, with an average cost of US$750 per family and a total cost of US$51,000. Credit facilities were made available for this
What evidence is there to suggest farming is difficult?
There are steep slopes which have to be farmed with hand-held tools
Give two social benefits of the scheme?
Reliable electricity and street lights provided, which improves their quality of life
Give two economic benefits of the scheme?
Business development is possible due to piped water for machines and rural-to-urban migration has decreased, which has increased the workforce
Give two environmental benefits of the scheme?
Water flow has been regulated which decreases the risk of flooding and kerosine lights are no longer needed, reducing the risk of fire
