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Biogenetics Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and releasing energy for cells

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2
Q

mitochondria

A

the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell

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3
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid in animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants and yeast with a small amount of energy released for cells

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4
Q

lactic acid

A

the end product of anaerobic respiration in animals

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5
Q

oxygen debt

A

the extra oxygen that must be taken into the body after exercise has stopped to complete the aerobic respiration of lactic acid

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6
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all the reactions taking place in a cell or the body of an organism

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7
Q

fermentation

A

the chemical breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that occurs in microorganisms (bacteria and yeast)

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8
Q

photosynthesis

A

an endothermic reaction by which plants make use of carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to produce glucose and oxygen

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9
Q

cellulose

A

complex carbohydrates that make up plants and algal cell walls and gives them strength

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10
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide +water—sunlight—glucose+oxygen
6CO2+6H2O+C6H12O6+6O2

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11
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic

A

Glucose+lactic acid+energy

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12
Q

What is the equation for aerobic

A

Glucose+oxygen—carbon dioxide+water+energy

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13
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings

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14
Q

In the required practical to investigate how light intensity affects photosynthesis, what would you expect to happen as the distance between the lamp and the plant is increased?

A

less oxygen is produced

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15
Q

what are the limiting factors of photosynthesis ?

A
  • rate of light
  • rate of temperature
  • rate of co2
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16
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when the temperature is increased?

A

The rate of photosynthesis increases with temperature up to an optimum. As the temperature continues to rise, the rate of photosynthesis starts to fall rapidly

17
Q

what is respiration ?

A

transfer of energy from glucose and it occurs in every cell.

18
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration ?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

19
Q

Does aerobic respiration transfer more energy than anaerobic respiration ?

A

YES

20
Q

what processes increase during exercise ?

A

Breathing rate

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Heart rate

21
Q

Why does your body temperature increase during exercise?

A

Because respiration is an exothermic reaction

22
Q

Why do we continue to breathe deeply and quickly for a while after anaerobic exercise?

A

After anaerobic exercise we need more oxygen to remove lactic acid from the muscles by breaking it down into carbon dioxide and water.
OXYGEN DEBT

23
Q

In which 3 ways do fit people fit exercise easier ?

A

Fit people have more mitochondria than unfit people due to a higher muscle to fat ratio

Fit people have better supplies of glycogen in their muscle cells than unfit people

After intense exercise, fit people have a shorter recovery period than unfit people

24
Q

what is produced in the anaerobic respiration of yeast cells ?

A

glucose → ethanol + CO₂

25
Q

what happens in anaerobic respiration of muscle cells ?

A

glucose → lactic acid + energy

26
Q

what is oxygen debt ?

A

when the body has to take in extra oxygen to break down the lactic acid in the muscle cells

27
Q

aerobic respiration

A
  • exothermic reaction
  • glucose is broken down using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy for the cells
28
Q

anaerobic respiration

A
  • exothermic reaction
    -glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid in animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants and yeast.
  • A small amount of energy is transferred for the cells
29
Q

what is the response to exerciser ?

A
  • faster heart rate
  • breathing rate increases
  • glycogen in muscles is converted to glucose
30
Q

How does the amount of chlorophyll impact the rate of photosynthesis ?

A

Chlorophyll is a pigment in the leaf that
converts light energy to food for the plant, and
is therefore essential. If, for example,
chlorophyll levels are reduced through a
magnesium deficiency, then the rate of
photosynthesis would decrease.

31
Q

describe an experiment measuring the oxygen production of a plant, you can calculate the rate of photosynthesis

A

Pondweed is placed in a test tube full with water. The top is sealed with a bung. A capillary
tube also containing water leads into the test tube, and it is attached to a syringe.
● A lamp is placed at a measured distance from the test tube.
● As it photosynthesises, oxygen is produced, forming a gas tube in the capillary tube
● The distance the bubble has moved is measured using a ruler to calculate the volume of
oxygen produced.
● Many variables can be changed to observe their effect on photosynthesis: the temperature
(using a water bath), time the pondweed is left, the light intensity (varied by the distance the
lamp is from the plant).
● It is important to control all factors that may affect photosynthesis except your independent
variable (the one you want to observe), so it is a valid experiment

32
Q

How does lactic acid build up ?

A

If there is not enough oxygen being supplied (for example when you undertake vigorous exercise)
anaerobic respiration takes place instead. As lactic acid is a by product of this reaction, it builds up
creating an oxygen debt (as oxygen is needed to break lactic acid down).

33
Q

What is metabolism ?

A

is the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body. The energy transferred in the cells
by respiration is used in the processes of metabolism to make new molecules. These processes
are controlled by enzymes

revision (27 decks)

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