Geography Development Gap Jan 2018 Flashcards
What does GNI stand for?
Gross National Income
What does per capita mean?
Per person
What does HDI stand for?
Human Development Index
What are the three things measured for the HDI of a country?
Life expectancy, Literacy rate and GNI per capita
What does DTM stand for?
Demographic Transition Model
What are characteristics of places in stage 1 of the DTM? Examples?
- High birth rate
- High death rate
- Population low and stable
Example = Traditional rain forest tribes
What are characteristics of places in stage 2 of the DTM? Examples?
- High birth rate
- Medium high death rate and lowering
- Population low and growing
Example = Afghanistan
What are characteristics of places in stage 3 of the DTM? Examples?
- Birth rate drops rapidly from high to low
- medium low death rate and lowering
- Medium population and growing
Examples = Nigeria, Kenya, India, Brazil
What are characteristics of places in stage 4 of the DTM? Examples?
- Low birth rate
- Low death rate
- Birth rate fluctuates depending on economic situation
- High population and slowly growing
Examples = USA, France, UK
What are characteristics of places in stage 5 of the DTM? Examples?
- Very low birth rate (falls below death rate)
- Low death rate but slowly increasing (due to ageing population)
- High population but starts to decrease
Examples = Italy, Germany, Japan
What are the causes of uneven development?
- Landlocked country (No access to the sea so no seaborne trade)
- Climate related diseases
- Extreme weather e.g. cyclones droughts & floods
- Lack of adequate supplies
What does TNC stand for? What is a TNC?
Trans National Company. A company that works in multiple foreign countries.
What is a HIC?
A High Income Country (e.g. UK & USA)
What is a LIC?
A Low Income Country (e.g. Chad)
What is an NEE?
A Newly Emerging Economy (e.g Nigeria)
What strategies can reduce the development gap?
Investment, Industrial development, Aid, Intermediate technology, Fair trade, Debt relief and Micro finance loans.
What is development in countries?
Development in a country is when people’s quality of life and standard of living increase.
What does development in countries vary?
The development of a country varies due to environmental factors (natural hazards), economic factors (trade and debt), social factors (access to safe water and education) and political factors (stable governments and wars).
What are the measures of development?
Birth rate - Is reliable. Decreases due to higher education rates.
Death rate - Somewhat reliable. Countries with higher populations are more likely to have higher death rates even if they are more developed.
Infant mortality rate - Useful measure of healthcare system.
of docs per 1000 - Shows money spent on healthcare.
Literacy rate - Shows how good the education system is
% access to clean water - If high, it shows that a country has modern infrastructure such as water treatment plants.
What are the limits of economic and social measures of development?
- Data could be out of date
- Data could be hard to collect
- Data may be unreliable (Government corruption)
- Only focuses on certain aspects of development
What are the physical causes of uneven development?
- Landlocked countries are cut off from seaborne trade.
- Tropical Africa, South America and Asia have more climate related diseases than cooler parts of the world.
- Extreme weather conditions such as cyclones, droughts and floods can slow development.
- A lack of adequate supplies of safe water is a barrier to economic development.
What are the economic causes of uneven development?
Trade is primarily between richer countries. When poorer countries trade, it is in primary products which are then manufactured in richer countries to make them richer. This causes the poorer countries to be unable to develop.
What is a trade surplus? Trade deficit?
Surplus - When a country or group exports more than they import.
Deficit - When a country or group imports more than they export.
