Biology Cell Biology Sept 2017 Flashcards
What does MRS GREN stand for?
Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition.
What two types of cells is there?
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
What is a Eukaryotic cell?
A Eukaryotic cell is a cell that has a ‘real’ nucleus.
What is a Prokaryotic cell?
A Prokaryotic cell is a cell that doesn’t have a ‘real’ nucleus.
What type of Eukaryotic cell has all the organelles?
A plant cell.
What organelles do all Eukaryotic cells have?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus and mitochondria.
What organelles do Prokaryotic cells have?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall and ribosomes
What are the three types of microscopes?
Light microscope, SEM (scanning electron microscope) and TEM (transmission electron microscope)
Name one Advantage of the light microscope
Any from:
Easy to use, cheap (€1k), ‘true colour’ but sometimes require staining and you can use live specimens
Name one disadvantage of the SEM
Any from:
Expensive, extensive training required, samples must be dead, and black and white (false colour)
Name one advantage and one disadvantage of the TEM
Any advantage from: higher resolution the the light, provides detailed images and it has a high magnification
Any disadvantage from: Expensive, extensive training required, samples must be dead, and black and white (false colour)
What are the two types of mammal stem cells?
Embryonic and adult
What is the equation for magnification?
Image size/actual size
Where do you find plant stem cells?
In the meristem
What is the difference between Embryonic mammal stem cells and Adult mammal stem cells?
The Embryonic cells scan grow into any specialised cell but an adult cell can only develop into the type of cell they’re found in. (Blood adult stem cells can only develop into red or white blood cells)
Name one reason for stem cell research and one reason against
Any for from: can treat conditions that were previously unable to be cured, can treat paralysed patients by making new nerve cells, cells will not be rejected, often collected from left over umbilical cords, can replace injured or defective organs.
Any against from: can lead to viral infections, by taking a stem cell and killing the embryo it is murder, via Latino of human rights, not always successful.
Name one specialised animal cell
Any from: nerve cell, sperm cell and muscle cell
Name a type of specialised plant cell
Any from: leaf cell and root hair cell
Name one way how a sperm cell has adapted to fertilise an egg cell
Longer tails, more mitochondria, streamlined head and more chemicals in head
Why do root hair cells have finger like walls?
So that they have a larger surface area and can collect more water
What are the three steps of the cell cycle?
Inter-phase, Mitosis and cell division
What are the steps in mitosis?
- Chromosomes make copies of themselves and the nucleus disappears
- Copied chromosomes line up
- Original and copied chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
- The cell divides into two daughter cells
- New nuclei form in the new cells
What is produced after mitosis?
Two identical daughter cells
What is the inter-phase of a cell?
The active life during which the cell prepares for mitosis
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is a concentration gradient?
A measurement of how a concentration of a substance changes from one place to another.
What does net mean?
Overall
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs found in the lungs through which gases exchange between blood and air by the process of diffusion
What are capillaries?
Tiny blood vessels found between arteries and veins that carry blood into tissues and organs
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the net diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
What does partially permeable mean?
Allowing only substances of a certain size through
What is active transport?
The net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy.
What three factors will speed up diffusion?
- A higher concentration gradient
- A higher temperature
- A smaller distance
