Geo ch 9 vocab

Question 1

agribusiness

Answer 1

The system of commercial farming found in developed countries

Question 2

agricultural revolution.

Answer 2

The process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Question 3

Agriculture

Answer 3

deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

Question 4

Aquaculture, or aquafarming,

Answer 4

the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.

Question 5

cash crop

Answer 5

grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use.

Question 6

cereal grain

Answer 6

a grass that yields grain for food

Question 7

Columbian Exchange

Answer 7

he transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade

Question 8

Commercial agriculture,

Answer 8

found in developed countries, is the production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm.

Question 9

Commercial (or market) gardening and fruit farming

Answer 9

the predominant type of agriculture in the southeastern United States

Question 10

Conservation tillage

Answer 10

a method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.

Question 11

crop

Answer 11

any plant cultivated by people.

Question 12

dietary energy consumption

Answer 12

The amount of food that an individual consumes

Question 13

desertification

Answer 13

Human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition

Question 14

crop rotation

Answer 14

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

Question 15

green revolution

Answer 15

involves two main practices: the introduction of new higher-yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizers.

Question 16

Grain

Answer 16

the seed from a cereal grass.

Question 17

genetically modified organism (GMO)

Answer 17

a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.

Question 18

food security

Answer 18

physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Question 19

Fishing

Answer 19

the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.

Question 20

double cropping

Answer 20

obtaining two harvests per year from one field

Question 21

Organic agriculture

Answer 21

farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones.

Question 22

No tillage

Answer 22

leaves all of the soil undisturbed, and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest is left untouched on the fields

Question 23

Monocropping

Answer 23

the practice of growing the same single crop every year after year, is typically practiced

Question 24

mixed crop and livestock farming

Answer 24

integration of crops and livestock.

Question 25

milkshed.

Answer 25

The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

Question 26

intensive subsistence agriculture

Answer 26

people live in developing countries, and the form of subsistence agriculture that feeds most of them

Question 27

Horticulture

Answer 27

the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers— and tree crops form the commercial base of Mediterranean farming.

Question 28

herbicides

Answer 28

A chemical to control unwanted plants.

Question 29

wet rice

Answer 29

rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.

Question 30

Undernourishment

Answer 30

dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.

Question 31

truck farming

Answer 31

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities.”

Question 32

transhumance

Answer 32

which is seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas

Question 33

Subsistence agriculture

Answer 33

the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.

Question 34

shifting cultivation

Answer 34

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift frequently from one field to another

Question 35

second agricultural revolution

Answer 35

which began in the United Kingdom in the seventeenth century, increased productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock.

Question 36

sawah

Answer 36

The flooded field

Question 37

Ridge tillage

Answer 37

a system of planting crops on ridge tops.

Question 38

Ranching

Answer 38

the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

Question 39

plantation

Answer 39

a large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops.

Question 40

pesticides

Answer 40

substance to control pests, including weeds.

Question 41

pastoral nomadism

Answer 41

herding of domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible.

Question 42

paddy

Answer 42

Malay word for wet rice.

Question 43

overfishing

Answer 43

capturing fish faster than they can reproduce