Geo ch 9 vocab Flashcards
agribusiness
The system of commercial farming found in developed countries
agricultural revolution.
The process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Agriculture
deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
Aquaculture, or aquafarming,
the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
cash crop
grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use.
cereal grain
a grass that yields grain for food
Columbian Exchange
he transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade
Commercial agriculture,
found in developed countries, is the production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm.
Commercial (or market) gardening and fruit farming
the predominant type of agriculture in the southeastern United States
Conservation tillage
a method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.
crop
any plant cultivated by people.
dietary energy consumption
The amount of food that an individual consumes
desertification
Human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition
crop rotation
the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.
green revolution
involves two main practices: the introduction of new higher-yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizers.
Grain
the seed from a cereal grass.
genetically modified organism (GMO)
a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
food security
physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Fishing
the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.
double cropping
obtaining two harvests per year from one field
Organic agriculture
farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones.
No tillage
leaves all of the soil undisturbed, and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest is left untouched on the fields
Monocropping
the practice of growing the same single crop every year after year, is typically practiced
mixed crop and livestock farming
integration of crops and livestock.
milkshed.
The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
intensive subsistence agriculture
people live in developing countries, and the form of subsistence agriculture that feeds most of them
Horticulture
the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers— and tree crops form the commercial base of Mediterranean farming.
herbicides
A chemical to control unwanted plants.
wet rice
rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.
Undernourishment
dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.
truck farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities.”
transhumance
which is seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
Subsistence agriculture
the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.
shifting cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift frequently from one field to another
second agricultural revolution
which began in the United Kingdom in the seventeenth century, increased productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock.
sawah
The flooded field
Ridge tillage
a system of planting crops on ridge tops.
Ranching
the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
plantation
a large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops.
pesticides
substance to control pests, including weeds.
pastoral nomadism
herding of domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible.
paddy
Malay word for wet rice.
overfishing
capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
