Carmona Test

Question 1

. Definition of argumentation

Answer 1

a logical way of discussing or debating an idea

Question 2

Etymology and meaning of the word “Argument”

Answer 2

ETYMOLOGY (LATIN) – Argument comes from “ARGUERE” (to

make clear, to make known, to prove something)

Question 3

Components of Argumentation: Purpose

Answer 3

To inform an audience that your viewpoint deserves

consideration

Question 4

Components of Argumentation: Strategy

Answer 4

To present information on both sides of the issue – while
favoring one side and casting reasonable doubt / suspicion on the
other side.

Question 5

Components of Argumentation: Foundation

Answer 5

Based on logic and reason (pure facts)

Question 6

Components of Argumentation: Style

Answer 6

Logical, detached, objective

Question 7

Components of Argumentation: Method:

Answer 7

The writer takes a position / makes a claim / acknowledges

opposing side/views

Question 8

Components of Argumentation: Rhetorical Appeal:

Answer 8

LOGOS

Question 9

Components of Persuasion: purpose

Answer 9

Purpose: To move an audience to action OR to convince an audience
to adopt your viewpoint

Question 10

Components of Persuasion: strategy

Answer 10

Strategy: To present information and opinions on ONE side of an issue
by developing a strong connection with a target audience

Question 11

Components of Persuasion: foundation

Answer 11

Foundation: Based on emotions and personal opinions

Question 12

Components of Persuasion: style

Answer 12

Style: Passionate, personal, emotional

Question 13

Components of Persuasion: rhetorical appeal

Answer 13

Rhetorical Appeal: PATHOS

Question 14

Components of Persuasion: method

Answer 14

Method: Opinions are blended with facts

Question 15

Synonyms for the word “claim”

Answer 15

Claim / Assertion (the author’s position – stance on an issue)

Question 16

3 types of claims

Answer 16

Claim of fact: asserts that something is true or not true

Claim of value: something is good/bad, right/wrong,
desirable/undesirable

Claim of policy: begins with a definition of the problem, explains
why it is a problem, and then explains the change that needs to
happen

Question 17

Claim of fact

Answer 17

asserts that something is true or not true

Question 18

Claim of value

Answer 18

something is good/bad, right/wrong,

desirable/undesirable

Question 19

Claim of policy

Answer 19

begins with a definition of the problem, explains
why it is a problem, and then explains the change that needs to
happen

Question 20

Counterclaim

Answer 20

(opposite side of the issue)

Question 21

Evidence

Answer 21

(supporting details that strengthen a claim)

Question 22

Rebuttal / Refutation

Answer 22

(disprove the counterclaim)

Question 23

Opponents

Answer 23

people who disagree with an issue

Question 24

Induction process

Answer 24

In induction, one
begins with specific observations and then moves to general conclusions and
theories.

Inductive reasoning is also known as the “bottom up approach.”

Question 25

OPHT

Answer 25

Observation >> Pattern >> Hypothesis >> Theory (OPHT)

Question 26

Deduction process

Answer 26

” In deduction, one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). Deductive reasoning is also known as the “top-down approach.”

Question 27

THOC

Answer 27

Theory >> Hypothesis >> Observation >> Confirmation of Theory (THOC)

Question 28

Syllogism and deductive reasoning connection

Answer 28

Deductive reasoning is often structured as a “syllogism” –> a logical structure that uses major and minor premises to reach a conclusion

Question 29

Toulmin Model inventor

Answer 29

Stephen | Edelson Toulmin

Question 30

6 components of the Toulmin Model

Answer 30

claim, grounds, warrant, backing, rebuttal, | and qualifier.

Question 31

6 types of warrants

Answer 31

Warrant Based on Generalization: What is true for some is likely true for the whole. 2. Warrant Based on Analogy: What is true of one situation is likely true of another, so long as they share key characteristics. 3. Warrant Based on Sign: One thing indicates the presence or outcome of something else. For example, we can diagnose an illness or disease by its symptoms. 4. Warrant Based on Causality: One thing causes another. For example, eating too much sugar is the cause of numerous health conditions. 5. Warrant Based on Authority: An indication that something is true because an authority or group of authorities affirms it to be true. For example, nearly all of the planet’s scientists claim that climate change is real. 6. Warrant Based on Principle: An agreed-upon value or rule applied to a specific scenario. For example, parents should love and respect their children is a widely-shared value. Backing (or refuting) that this value should apply to a specific parent in question might be the goal of an attorney in a criminal trial

Question 32

Characteristics of open-ended questions

Answer 32

cannot be answered with a "yes" or "no" response • are phrased as a statement which requires a longer response that demonstrates critical thinking and understanding of a given topic • AP argumentative essay is an open-ended question

Question 33

Disadvantages of open-ended questions

Answer 33

Takes more time and effort to respond to questions | • Answers may differ in levels of details or scope

Question 34

advantages of open-ended questions

Answer 34

Offers respondents greater flexibility and freedom to answer | • Useful for gaining insights into the respondent's opinions

Question 35

Characteristics of closed-ended questions

Answer 35

Can be answered with a “yes” or “no” response • are often limited to a specific answer and are therefore good for testing knowledge. • Examples of closed-ended questions: multiple-choice, rank-based, drop-down

Question 36

. Disadvantages of closed-ended questions advantages?

Answer 36

One is unable to adequately or elaborately express his/her opinion on a given topic. -------- Quick to answer • Easy to analyze and compare answers as the data can be assigned numbers and values. Data can be measured statistically.

Question 37

Open vs. closed thesis statements

Answer 37

An open thesis is one that DOES NOT list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay A closed thesis is the main idea of the argument that previews the major points the writer intends to make.

Question 38

Introduction structure + # of sentences

Answer 38

Introduction (5-7 sentences) • Hook • Bridge • Thesis.

Question 39

Body I and II structure + # of sentences

Answer 39

Body Paragraphs # 1 and 2 (8 sentences each) 1. Topic Sentence • NOTE: The topic sentence MUST BE ALIGNED with your thesis statement. 2. Intro to supporting detail # 1 3. Supporting detail # 1 (using your own prior knowledge / experiences) 4. Explanation of supporting detail # 1 5. Intro to supporting detail # 2 6. Supporting detail # 2 (using your own prior knowledge / experiences) 7. Explanation of supporting detail # 2 8. Concluding statement

Question 40

Body III structure + # of sentences

Answer 40

Body Paragraph # 3 (Counterargument) – 10 sentences Structure 1. Topic Sentence. Use 2. Intro to supporting detail # 1 3. Supporting detail # 1 4. Explanation of supporting detail # 1 5. Intro to supporting detail # 2 6. Supporting detail # 2 7. Explanation of supporting detail # 2 8. Acknowledge the other side’s validity in a respectful way. 9. Refutation / Rebuttal Sentence 10. Concluding statement

Question 41

Conclusion structure + # of sentences

Answer 41

Conclusion (5-7 sentences) 1. Topic sentence Provide an observation / reflection about the overall topic Offer suggestions for the future of the topic Concluding statement. End with an insightful observation.

Question 42

Name of authors of two argumentative pieces

Answer 42

Brent | Staples and Ana Homayoun

Question 43

pieces, and publication years of two argumentative pieces

Answer 43

Brent Staples: “Just Walk On By” (autobiographical) - 1986 Ana Homayoun June 7, 2017 The Secret Social Media Lives of Teenagers