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studying 2021-2022 > Carmona Test > Flashcards

Carmona Test Flashcards

1
Q

. Definition of argumentation

A

a logical way of discussing or debating an idea

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2
Q

Etymology and meaning of the word “Argument”

A

ETYMOLOGY (LATIN) – Argument comes from “ARGUERE” (to

make clear, to make known, to prove something)

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3
Q

Components of Argumentation: Purpose

A

To inform an audience that your viewpoint deserves

consideration

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4
Q

Components of Argumentation: Strategy

A

To present information on both sides of the issue – while
favoring one side and casting reasonable doubt / suspicion on the
other side.

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5
Q

Components of Argumentation: Foundation

A

Based on logic and reason (pure facts)

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6
Q

Components of Argumentation: Style

A

Logical, detached, objective

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7
Q

Components of Argumentation: Method:

A

The writer takes a position / makes a claim / acknowledges

opposing side/views

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8
Q

Components of Argumentation: Rhetorical Appeal:

A

LOGOS

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9
Q

Components of Persuasion: purpose

A

Purpose: To move an audience to action OR to convince an audience
to adopt your viewpoint

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10
Q

Components of Persuasion: strategy

A

Strategy: To present information and opinions on ONE side of an issue
by developing a strong connection with a target audience

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11
Q

Components of Persuasion: foundation

A

Foundation: Based on emotions and personal opinions

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12
Q

Components of Persuasion: style

A

Style: Passionate, personal, emotional

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13
Q

Components of Persuasion: rhetorical appeal

A

Rhetorical Appeal: PATHOS

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14
Q

Components of Persuasion: method

A

Method: Opinions are blended with facts

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15
Q

Synonyms for the word “claim”

A

Claim / Assertion (the author’s position – stance on an issue)

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16
Q

3 types of claims

A

Claim of fact: asserts that something is true or not true

Claim of value: something is good/bad, right/wrong,
desirable/undesirable

Claim of policy: begins with a definition of the problem, explains
why it is a problem, and then explains the change that needs to
happen

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17
Q

Claim of fact

A

asserts that something is true or not true

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18
Q

Claim of value

A

something is good/bad, right/wrong,

desirable/undesirable

19
Q

Claim of policy

A

begins with a definition of the problem, explains
why it is a problem, and then explains the change that needs to
happen

20
Q

Counterclaim

A

(opposite side of the issue)

21
Q

Evidence

A

(supporting details that strengthen a claim)

22
Q

Rebuttal / Refutation

A

(disprove the counterclaim)

23
Q

Opponents

A

people who disagree with an issue

24
Q

Induction process

A

In induction, one
begins with specific observations and then moves to general conclusions and
theories.

Inductive reasoning is also known as the “bottom up approach.”

25
Q

OPHT

A

Observation&raquo_space; Pattern&raquo_space; Hypothesis&raquo_space; Theory (OPHT)

26
Q

Deduction process

A

” In deduction, one
reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (major
premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise).

Deductive reasoning is also known as the “top-down approach.”

27
Q

THOC

A

Theory&raquo_space; Hypothesis&raquo_space; Observation&raquo_space; Confirmation of Theory (THOC)

28
Q

Syllogism and deductive reasoning connection

A

Deductive reasoning is often structured as a “syllogism” –> a logical structure
that uses major and minor premises to reach a conclusion

29
Q

Toulmin Model inventor

A

Stephen

Edelson Toulmin

30
Q

6 components of the Toulmin Model

A

claim, grounds, warrant, backing, rebuttal,

and qualifier.

31
Q

6 types of warrants

A

Warrant Based on Generalization: What is true for some is likely true
for the whole.

  1. Warrant Based on Analogy: What is true of one situation is likely true
    of another, so long as they share key characteristics.
  2. Warrant Based on Sign: One thing indicates the presence or outcome
    of something else. For example, we can diagnose an illness or disease
    by its symptoms.
  3. Warrant Based on Causality: One thing causes another. For
    example, eating too much sugar is the cause of numerous health
    conditions.
  4. Warrant Based on Authority: An indication that something is true
    because an authority or group of authorities affirms it to be true. For
    example, nearly all of the planet’s scientists claim that climate change is
    real.
  5. Warrant Based on Principle: An agreed-upon value or rule applied to
    a specific scenario. For example, parents should love and respect their
    children is a widely-shared value. Backing (or refuting) that this value
    should apply to a specific parent in question might be the goal of an
    attorney in a criminal trial
32
Q

Characteristics of open-ended questions

A

cannot be answered with a “yes” or “no” response

• are phrased as a statement which requires a longer response that demonstrates
critical thinking and understanding of a given topic

• AP argumentative essay is an open-ended question

33
Q

Disadvantages of open-ended questions

A

Takes more time and effort to respond to questions

• Answers may differ in levels of details or scope

34
Q

advantages of open-ended questions

A

Offers respondents greater flexibility and freedom to answer

• Useful for gaining insights into the respondent’s opinions

35
Q

Characteristics of closed-ended questions

A

Can be answered with a “yes” or “no” response
• are often limited to a specific answer and are therefore good for testing
knowledge.
• Examples of closed-ended questions: multiple-choice, rank-based, drop-down

36
Q

. Disadvantages of closed-ended questions

advantages?

A

One is unable to adequately or elaborately express his/her opinion on a given
topic.
——–

Quick to answer
• Easy to analyze and compare answers as the data can be assigned numbers
and values. Data can be measured statistically.

37
Q

Open vs. closed thesis statements

A

An open thesis is one that DOES NOT list all the points the writer
intends to cover in an essay

A closed thesis is the main idea of the argument that previews the
major points the writer intends to make.

38
Q

Introduction structure + # of sentences

A

Introduction (5-7 sentences)
• Hook
• Bridge
• Thesis.

39
Q

Body I and II structure + # of sentences

A

Body Paragraphs # 1 and 2 (8 sentences each)

  1. Topic Sentence
    • NOTE: The topic sentence MUST BE ALIGNED with your thesis statement.
  2. Intro to supporting detail # 1
  3. Supporting detail # 1 (using your own prior knowledge / experiences)
  4. Explanation of supporting detail # 1
  5. Intro to supporting detail # 2
  6. Supporting detail # 2 (using your own prior knowledge / experiences)
  7. Explanation of supporting detail # 2
  8. Concluding statement
40
Q

Body III structure + # of sentences

A

Body Paragraph # 3 (Counterargument) – 10 sentences

Structure
1. Topic Sentence. Use

  1. Intro to supporting detail # 1
  2. Supporting detail # 1
  3. Explanation of supporting detail # 1
  4. Intro to supporting detail # 2
  5. Supporting detail # 2
  6. Explanation of supporting detail # 2
  7. Acknowledge the other side’s validity in a respectful way.
  8. Refutation / Rebuttal Sentence
  9. Concluding statement
41
Q

Conclusion structure + # of sentences

A

Conclusion (5-7 sentences)

  1. Topic sentence

Provide an observation / reflection about the overall topic

Offer suggestions for the future of the topic

Concluding statement. End with an insightful observation.

42
Q

Name of authors of two argumentative pieces

A

Brent

Staples and Ana Homayoun

43
Q

pieces, and publication years of two argumentative pieces

A

Brent Staples: “Just Walk On By” (autobiographical) - 1986

Ana Homayoun
June 7, 2017

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