genomics 1.8

Question 1

sequences of bases and amino acids are known as

Answer 1

sequence data

Question 2

sequence data can be used to study

Answer 2

comparative genomics
study of evolution
pharmacogenetics

Question 3

the special enzymes used to work out the order of dna nucleotide bases is called

Answer 3

restriction endonuclease

Question 4

genomic sequencing

Answer 4

restriction endonuclease cuts the dna into smaller fragments at specific dna base sequences called restriction sites

there are many different restriction endonuclease enzymes

each enzyme is specific to a different restriction site along the dna strand

each dna fragment is then sequenced

computer programmes can be used to identify the base sequence by looking for sequences similar to known genes

sequence overlaps of fragments are used to put fragments back in the correct rder and to identify the base sequnece of the whole dna strand

Question 5

bioinformatics

Answer 5

the use of both computer and statistical analysis

Question 6

conservation

Answer 6

genomes from different species share stretches of of the same or similar dna sequences

Question 7

degree of conservation

Answer 7

the number of genes shared between species is a measure of how closely they are related by evolution

Question 8

why do the genomes of disease causing organisms get sequenced

Answer 8

it aids research into finding ways of preventing infections or destroying the pathogens

Question 9

model organisms

Answer 9

the organisms are easy to grow and provide information about cell processes which can be applied to species which are more difficult to study. (widely studied and easy t maintain and breed in the lab.

Question 10

phylogenetics

Answer 10

the study of evolutionary history and relationships,

Question 11

sequence divergence

Answer 11

used to estimate time since lineages diverged

Question 12

divergence

Answer 12

occurs when two or more species arise from a common ancestor, once they diverge each new species’ genome may also be affected by the different mutations

the more time since divergence the more mutations can take place

Question 13

molecular clocks

Answer 13

used to show when species diverged during evolution, the difference in sequence data between species indicate the time of divergence from a common ancestor

Question 14

they assume constant mutation rate and show differences in dna sequences or amino acid sequences for a particular protein.

Answer 14

this may not be the case- the rate of mutation may not be the same for each species being compared

Question 15

molecular clocks can be created by

Answer 15

comparing the number of nucleotide substitutions within
the same gene in a number of different species

Question 16

limitations of molecular clocks

Answer 16

assumes that the rate of mutation is the same for each species being compared but this is not always the case