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Bacteriology and Mycology Exam 1 > Genetics, Vaccines, Diagnostics > Flashcards

Genetics, Vaccines, Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

what is the general mechanism of gene transfer

A

-transformation
-conjugation
-transduction

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2
Q

define trasnformant

A

-cell that has taken up recipient DNA by transformation

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3
Q

define competent

A

-bacteria that can take up DNA naturally without artificial treatment

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4
Q

define homologous recombination

A

-identical or similar regions of DNA align and exchange by excision repair
-aka allelic exchange, strand replacement

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5
Q

define complementation

A

-mutated DNA expressed on plasmid (in trans) will correct the mutation

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6
Q

what type of DNA can bind to cells

A

double stranded DNA

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7
Q

what type of DNA can be taken up

A

single stranded DNA

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8
Q

what can induce competence

A

-calcium treatment of electroporation

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9
Q

parts of bacteriophage

A

-head
-tail
-fiber

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10
Q

what are bacteriophages

A

bacterial viruses

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11
Q

what is transduction

A

-process of transferring DNA form one bacterium to another by phage

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12
Q

lysogeny

A

-cells do not lyse, but phage DNA integrated into and replicates in host cell DNA
-determined by differences in G and C content of bacterial DNA

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13
Q

salmonella virulence factors

A

-O antigens (LPS)

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14
Q

clostridium botulinum virulence facotrs

A

types C and D toxigenic when infected by certain phage

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15
Q

e. coli virulence factors

A

-lysogenic lambda phage - gene encoding host cell envelope protein that provides serum resistance

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16
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria virulence factors

A

-B prophage carrier of diphtheria toxin tox gene

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17
Q

vibrio cholerae virulence factors

A

-cholera toxin genes expressed on prophage

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18
Q

what is a prophage

A

phage that has integrated into the genome

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19
Q

extrachromosomal pieces of DNA

A

-autonomously replicating – independent of chromosomes

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20
Q

plasmids definition

A

-genes of unknown origin
-often not needed for growth
-may contain genes encoding virulence factors

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21
Q

F factor definition

A

-fertility factor
-genes that promote replication and transfer of factor to recipient cells
-conjugation

22
Q

R factor definition

A

-F factor + genes encoding resistance to specific antibiotics
-RTF adn R determinants

23
Q

what is RTF

A

-resistance transfer factor
-encodes origin of replication, sex pilin genes

24
Q

what are R determinants

A

-genes encoding antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, virulence factors, insertion sequences

25
Q

transposons

A

-mobile genetic elements
-jump form on region of chromosome or plasmid to another

26
Q

mechanism of transposition (jumping)

A

-N element contains gene encoding transposase, binds to IR sites, mediates excision and insertion

27
Q

net effects of transposon movement

A

-mutation resulting from insertion into middle of another gene
-neutral event – insertion next to intact gene
-excision – can carry along a neighboring gene

28
Q

live vaccines

A

-attenuated
-limited growth in host
-possible reversion to virulence

29
Q

killed vaccine

A

-chemically inactivated whole cells
-stimulate only short Th1 response
-not very effective

30
Q

subunit vaccines

A

-has to be mixed with adjuvants to be effective

31
Q

live recombinant vaccines

A

-gene for antigen expressed in a microbe

32
Q

DNA vaccine

A
  • gene encoding antigen expressed directly in immunized host
    -still need to find way to avoid gene silencing by host
33
Q

recombinant DNA technologies

A

-targeted gene mutation
-overexpression of genes

34
Q

what can you use a plasmid containing a transposon for

A

-transform a pathogen and screen for KanR clones

35
Q

type I transposon

A

-not affected
-gene interrupted is not a virulence gene

36
Q

type II transposon

A

-affected
-gene interrupted is a virulence gene

37
Q

sensitivity of DNA based test

A

-high sensitivity
-can theoretically detect presence of a single organism

38
Q

specificity of DNA based test

A

-high specificity
-can detect specific genotypes
-can determine drug resistance
-can predict or confirm virulence

39
Q

speed of DNA based test

A

-quicker than traditional culturing for certain organisms

40
Q

uses for DNA based tests

A

-culture identify and confirmation
-low numbers or difficult to isolate and grow
-organisms present in small volumes in specimen (intraocular fluid, forensic samples)
-molecular epidemiology (identify point sources for outbreaks)
-zoonotic and highly infectious agents (minimize hazards)
-non viable organisms (good for vaccines)

41
Q

disadvantages of using DNA based test

A

-expensive
-must have goof clinical data to support infection by that organism – highly specific
-will miss new organisms unless sequencing done
problem with mixed culture infections

42
Q

what does PCR do

A

exponential amplification of DNA

43
Q

brucellosis, causitive agent

A

-zoonotic disease
-causative agent is gram negative cocco bacillus genus Brucella

44
Q

what does brucellosis do

A

abortion in livestock, caused by Brucella abortus

45
Q

indirect diagnosis of brucellosis

A

serum, serology, antibiotics to O side chain

46
Q

direct diagnosis of brucellosis

A

culture, identification

47
Q

issues with diagnosis brucellosis

A

-Brucella grows very slow
-biochemical phenotyping requires multiple tests
-vaccine strain RB51 can cause abortions in pregnant cows

48
Q

what does real time PCR signify

A

data collection and analysis occur as a reaction proceeds

49
Q

advantages of real time PCR

A

-fast
-can multiplex analysis – 4-5 different fluorescent signals generated
-can be automated for large sample numbers

50
Q

MALDI-TOF

A

-matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight
-doesn’t give wrong name when can’t identify something

Bacteriology and Mycology Exam 1 (26 decks)

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