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Genetics > Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses 1 > Flashcards

Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Most of the cells ont his planet are ___

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Prokaryotes lack ___ and have __ __

A

Lack nuclei

Circular chromosomes

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3
Q

Prokaryotes are comprised of ___ and ___

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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4
Q

Bacteria have viruses called ___ or ___

A

Bacteriophages or phages

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5
Q

How do prokaryotes multiply?

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

How do bacteria carry their DNA?

A

A circular genome and circular plasmids

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7
Q

What carries genes that influence bacteria traits?

A

Plasmids

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8
Q

How many mechanisms for bacterial DNA transfer did we cover?

A

3

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9
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms for bacterial DNA exchange?

A

Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

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10
Q

Transformation:

A

DNA is taken up from its environment

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11
Q

Transduction:

A

Receiving DNA from viruses

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12
Q

Conjugation:

A

receiving DNA from another cell

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13
Q

Conjugation can result in transfer of ___ or ___

A

Plasmids or genomic DNA

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14
Q

Vertical transmission:

Horizontal transmission:

A

Vertical - parents to offspring

Horizontal - between the same generation

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15
Q

Donor F+ only transfers to

A

Receipient F-

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16
Q

Hfr:

A

High frequency recombination

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17
Q

Hfr crosses to F- strains=

A

Virtually no F-

Parents are converted to F+ or Hfr

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18
Q

Normal F+ strains convert ___ ___ of F- parents into F+

A

Large fraction

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19
Q

What are Hfr strains a result of?

A

F plasmid being integrated into the chromosome

20
Q

Double crossovers must occur in bacteria or __

A

the soul will be unviable

21
Q

The F plasmid can integrate into ___ ___of the E.coli chromosome

A

Specific regions

22
Q

What are the two outcomes of F- mediated conjugation?

A

F+ - independent circle of DNA

Hfr- plasmid has incorporated into chromosome

23
Q

Does a single crossover result in a viable recombinant?

A

No, it does NOT restore circular DNA

24
Q

F’ plasmids are a result of:

A

Popping out of chromosome and picking up genomic DNA with it

25
Q

Naturally competent:

A

Can take up DNA from the environment

26
Q

Free DNA being taken up is an ___ process

A

Active

27
Q

ssDNA that has been taken up may ___ into the chromosome

A

integrate

28
Q

Phage consists of:

A

A nucleic acid chromosome surrounded by a coat of protein molecules

29
Q

Some phages have ___ chromosomes while others have ___ chromosomes

A

DNA

RNA

30
Q

How do phages share DNA with a cell?

A

Phages bind to the surface of a sell and inject their DNA into that cell

31
Q

A single phage can:

A

Hijack a cell and turn it into a factory for more phage

32
Q

h and r genes

h influences:

r determines:

A

h -whether a phage can infect two different E. coli strains

r - whether the phage quickly or slowly trigers lysis

33
Q

How many types of different phages are there?

What are they?

A

4

Virulent

Temperate

Prophage

Lysogen

34
Q

Virulent:

A

They immediately lyse and kill the host

35
Q

Temperate:

A

Can remain within a host for a period without killing it

36
Q

Prophage:

A

A phage integrated into the hosts genome

37
Q

Lysogen:

A

A bacterium harboring a prophage

38
Q

Phage transduction:

A

Some phage can pick up bacterial DNA and transfer it to another cell

39
Q

Generalized transduction:

A

Transducing phage can carry any part of the bacterial chromosome

40
Q

Specialized transduction:

A

Transducing phage can only carry specific parts of the bacterial chromosome

41
Q

λ phage:

A

A specialized transducing phage that inserts by a crossover at a specific site in the genome

42
Q

If a cell WITHOUT (non hfr) λ prophage receives λ prophage:

If a cell WITH (hfr) λ prophage receives λ prophage:

A

It will die

It is immune

43
Q

λ prophage can pops out of genome:

A

No genetic change in the host and the phage is complete

44
Q

Rare λ prophage outlooping:

A

Incomplete phage genome that contains some bacterial DNA

45
Q

Plasmids often carry transposable elements

Transposon:

A

A sequence that can be translocated even in the absence of complementary sequence in the host DNA

Genetics (17 decks)

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