Condensed Flashcards
What did Mendel propose?
existence of genes, alleles, and dominance.
Who rediscovered Mendel’s work?
Bateson
Mitosis produces:
Meiosis produces:
Mitosis- two identical cells
Meiosis- unique gametes
Mitosis can take place in ___ or ___
Haploid or diploid
Meiosis can only occur in ___ cells
Diploid
Meiosis is the process during-
which recombination occurs and the overall chromosome number is halved.
What is Mendel’s first law?
Members of a gene pair separate equally into gametes
What is Mendel’s second law?
Independent assortment
How do prokaryotes multiply?
Binary fission
How do bacteria carry their DNA?
A circular genome and circular plasmids
Transformation:
DNA is taken up from its environment
What are the 3 mechanisms for bacterial DNA exchange?
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
How many mechanisms for bacterial DNA transfer did we cover?
3
Transduction:
Receiving DNA from viruses
Conjugation:
receiving DNA from another cell
Conjugation can result in transfer of ___ or ___
Plasmids or genomic DNA
Vertical transmission:
Horizontal transmission:
Vertical - parents to offspring
Horizontal - between the same generation
How do prokaryotes multiply?
Binary fission
How do bacteria carry their DNA?
A circular genome and circular plasmids
What carries genes that influence bacteria traits?
Plasmids
Transformation:
DNA is taken up from its environment
What are the 3 mechanisms for bacterial DNA exchange?
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
How many mechanisms for bacterial DNA transfer did we cover?
3
Transduction:
Receiving DNA from viruses
Conjugation:
receiving DNA from another cell
Conjugation can result in transfer of ___ or ___
Plasmids or genomic DNA
Vertical transmission:
Horizontal transmission:
Vertical - parents to offspring
Horizontal - between the same generation
Complementation
Occurs when two strains of an organism with different homozygous recessive mutations that produce the same mutant phenotype have offspring that express the wild-type phenotype when mated or crossed.
Epistasis:
Phenotype of double mutants depart from the expectations based on single mutants
the expression of one gene is modified by the expression of one of more other genes
Recessive epistasis:
When the recessive allele of one gene masks the effects of either allele at the second gene
Dominant epistasis:
When the dominant allele of one gene masks the effects of the either allele at the second gene
Two ways that genes can interact
- Interactions between alleles of the same gene
- Interactions berween two or more different genes
With complete dominance, this intermediate level will be sufficient, resulting in Wild Type
Why?
Happlosufficient
With Complete Dominance there is enough gene activity in the heterozygote
___ occurs when one Wild Type copy of a gene is insufficient
Why?
Happloinsufficiency
There is not enough gene activity in the heterozygote
What is a dominant negative?
It does not function properly and it impairs the wild type allele
What is codominance?
Heterzygote exhibits the phenotypes associated with both alleles of a gene
What is a X-linked allele
An allele that is only carried on X chromosomes. Males only have 1 X chromosome so they only need 1 allele to manifest the trait
What organelles have DNA?
Mitochondria -mtDNA
Chloroplasts - cpDNA
What is a continuous trait?
What are they also called?
A trait influenced by multiple genes.
Polygenes or Quantitative Trait Loci
What is independent assortment
different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.
