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Fundamentals of Life Science > Genetics of bacteria > Flashcards

Genetics of bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the bacterial genome

A 
Consists of a circular chromosome
150kB to 13MB
No nucleus, histones, mitosis or meiosis
Lacks introns
A number of plasmids
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2
Q

What is the core genome?

A

The group of essential genes and other genes found in all representatives of the species

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3
Q

What is the accessory genome?

A

Genes present in some members of a species but not all

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4
Q

What is replication?

A

Replication of DNA allows generation of daughter cells
Carefully controlled
Errors occur at low frequency creating mutations allowing for evolution

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5
Q

What are the three stages of chromosome replication?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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6
Q

Describe initiation

A

Alway initiated at the same segment of DNA called oriC
Initiator protein DnaA binds to oriC
DnaB recruited (helicase)
Bidirection replication occurs

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7
Q

Describe elongation

A

DnaG lays down an RNA primer
DNA polymerase copies the DNA
DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments

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8
Q

Describe termination

A

Termination occurs when replication forks reach termination sites opposite oriC

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9
Q

What is the structure of a bacterial gene?

A 
Operator
Promoter -35
Promoter -10
Transcription start site
Ribosome binding site
Gene
Terminator
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10
Q

How is the rate of transcription influenced?

A

Genetic:
Promoter structure
Operator/enhancers

Organisational:
Operons/regulons

Transcriptional regulators

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11
Q

What are promoters?

A

Found upstream of genes
Binding site for RNAP
Consist of -10 and -35 sites
How well RNAP binds is related to rate of transcription

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12
Q

What are transcriptional regulators?

A

Help or hinder binding of RNAP to further control rate of transcription

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13
Q

Why do bacteria evolve quickly?

A

Rapid generation rates
Very large populations
Programmed mutations

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14
Q

What do DNA changes result from?

A

Mutation

Acquisition of new DNA

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15
Q

What is the name given to the change of one base in the sequence?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

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16
Q

What are the possible consequences of an SNP?

A

Same-sense (silent) mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation

17
Q

What is a phase variable gene?

A

Genes that the cell is able to turn on and off

18
Q

What are the mechanisms of phase variation?

A

Genomic rearrangment
Strand slippage
Methylation

19
Q

How can DNA be exchanged between organisms?

A

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

20
Q

What is transposition?

A

Jumping genes

Genes moving throughout the genome

21
Q

Explain class 1 and 2 transposition

A

Class 1 is copy and paste mechanism

Class 2 is cut and paste mechanism

Fundamentals of Life Science (24 decks)

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