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Fundamentals of Life Science > Early embryonic development > Flashcards

Early embryonic development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are egg cells covered in?

A

The zona pellucida

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2
Q

What is the zona pellucida made of?

A

Glycoprotein

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3
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A single cell with genetic information from both the oocyte and sperm

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4
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Splitting without growth

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5
Q

How many times does cleavage occur?

A

Until 32 cells within the zona pellucida

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6
Q

What is the name for a 32 cell zygote?

A

Morula

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7
Q

Does the morula have a zona pellucida?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What happens to the morula?

A

Compaction

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9
Q

What is compaction?

A

The cells of the morula become closer together and the cells on the outside start to differ

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10
Q

When does differentiation first occur?

A

In the morula

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11
Q

What are the two cell types that first diffferentiate?

A

Trophoblasts

Embryoblasts

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12
Q

What happens to embryoblasts?

A

They group at one end forming an inner cell mass

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13
Q

What two structures form inside the trophoblast?

A

Inner cell mass

Blastocoel

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14
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

The name given to the mass of cells that is trophoblasts, inner cell mass and blastocoel

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15
Q

When does the zona pelucida disappear?

A

Blastocyst formation

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16
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass?

A

The embryoblast differentiate

Another cavity forms called the amniotic cavity

17
Q

What is the third differentiated cell types?

A

Embryo blast forms:
Hypoblast (middle)
Epiblast (around the amniotic cavity)

18
Q

What prevents polyspermy?

A

Fast electrical block

Calcium wave causes cortical granules to fuse with the plasma membrane

19
Q

What is the name of the smaller cells formed by cleavage?

A

Blastomeres

20
Q

What forms in compaction?

A

Tight junctions

21
Q

When does the embryo implant in the endometrium?

A

5-6 days after fertilisation

22
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A

External perimetrium
Medial myometrium
Internal endometrium

23
Q

How does the uterine wall attach to the blastocyst?

A

It and the trophoblast both express adhesion molecules

24
Q

Where does adhesion of the blastocyst occur?

A

Above the inner cell mass

25
Q

How does the embryo penetrate the endometrium?

A

The trophoblast differentiates into cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
Synctiotrophoblast inserts itself between the uterine and epithelial cells

26
Q

How does synctiotrophoblast form?

A

The fusion of cytotrophoblast cells

27
Q

What does the synctiotrophoblast surround?

A

With time, the whole embryo, as it embeds in the uterine wall

28
Q

How long until the embryo is completely embedded in the endometrium?

A

10 days after fertilisation

29
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Formed in the synctiotrophoblast from vacuoles fusing together

30
Q

What happens at 12 days after fertilisation?

A

The embryo is totally embedded and uterine epithelial cells have covered the entrance

31
Q

How does the placenta form?

A

Lacunae develop into interconnecting network

Synctiotrophoblast penetrates maternal capillaries

32
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Dilated maternal capillaries

33
Q

What happens after 13 days?

A

Lacunae and sinusoids fuse

34
Q

When does the cytotrophoblast proliferate?

A

13 days

Forms primary villi

35
Q

What are primary villi?

A

Contain capillaries and link to the embryonic circulatory system by the connecting stalk

36
Q

What are tertiary villi?

A

Form after 21 days

Contain a capillary network connecting embryonic circulation to the umbilical artery and vein

37
Q

What does the synctiotrophoblast secrete?

A

hCG

Human chorionic gonadotrophin

Fundamentals of Life Science (24 decks)

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