Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Life Science > Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which cells are involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

T cells
B cells
Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give an example of clonal variation

A

Billions of ready-made identical neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an example of clonal selection

A

Billions of different B cells that require several days of differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens when a B cell detects an antigen?

A

Rapid proliferation of lymphocytes

Lymphocytes produced are clones and are specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any molecule that is specifically recognised by T cells or antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The site on the antigen that binds directly to the antibody or T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a T cell antigen?

A

A peptide derived from an antigenic protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a B cell antigen?

A

A protein or carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two parts to an antibody molecule?

A 
The antigen receptor (variable region)
The effector (constant region)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the structure of a T-cell receptor?

A

Variable region

Membrane bound constant region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What creates a diverse range of T and B cell receptors?

A

Random genetic recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the estimated number of possible T and B cells?

A

100 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the normal activity of B and T cells in the body?

A

They constantly circulate the body through the lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
This increases the chance of them detecting an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe immunoglobulin structure

A

Two heavy chains and two lights chains

Bonded by disulphide bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the heavy chain determine?

A

The function of the antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Immunoglobulins form part of the structure of B cell receptors. What is the other component?

A

CD79 A+B

17
Q

What do plasma cells release?

A

Plasma cells release immunoglobulins as antibodies

18
Q

Name the three roles of antibodies

A

Neutralisation
Opsonisation
Complement activation

19
Q

What is the purpose of neutralisation?

A

The antibody prevents bacterial adherence

20
Q

What is the purpose of opsonisation?

A

The antibody promotes phagocytosis

21
Q

What is the purpose of compliment activation?

A

Antibody activates complement
Enhances opsonisation
May lyse the bacteria

22
Q

Which cell pathway are antibodies involved in?

A

The antibody triggers C1q which then activates CD3

23
Q

Describe B cell development

A

Naive B cell develops in bone marrow

24
Q

Describe B cell development

A

B cell matures in bone marrow
B cell detects antigen and is activated
Memory B cells are produced
Plasma cells are produced

25
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

A cell that produces specific antibodies in response to an infection

26
Q

Outline T cell development

A 
T cell precursor made in bone marrow, migrates to thymus
Thymus produces CD4 and CD8 cells
These circulate the body
Detect antigen
Develop into effector or memory T cells
27
Q

What must an antigen be presented on for it to be recognised by a T cell?

A

A MHC protein

28
Q

Why must an antigen be presented on a MHC protein?

A

The epitope is usually hidden within the peptide
The antigen must be fragmented
The epitope then binds to MHC where it can be recognised

29
Q

What activates a naive T cell

A

A dendritic cell

30
Q

What does a CD4+ T cell recognise?

A

Epitopes bound to a class II MHC protein

31
Q

What does a CD8+ T cell recognise?

A

Epitopes bound to a class I MHC protein

32
Q 
What do the following T cell helpers do?
Th1 cell
Th2 cell
Th17 cell
Tfh cell
A

Th1 cells provide signals to macrophages
Th2 cells provide signals to B cells (production of IgE)
Th17 is responsible for inflammation
Tfh support B cell differentiation

33
Q 
Describe the functions of these antibodies
IgM
IgA
IgG
IgD
IgE
A 
IgM is produced early in immune response
IgA is secreted to mucous membranes
IgG has the highest serum concentration
IgD is a membrane receptor
IgE is mainly localised on mast cells
34
Q

How does the action of CD4+ and CD8+ cells differ?

A

CD4+ cells recruit macrophages
CD8+ cells trigger apoptosis
They referred to as cytotoxic T cells

35
Q

What is the action of a cytotoxic T cell?

A

The cell binds to virus-infected cell
Programs cell death by DNA fragmentation
Moves to next target
Cell dies by apoptosis

Fundamentals of Life Science (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions