Genetics and Behaviour Flashcards
What is the genotype?
Genetic makeup of an individual
What is the phenotype?
External expression of genotype
What factors can modify physical and behavioural phenotypes?
Environment
What does the heritability (h²) measure?
The proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic causes
Fill in the blank: Heritability is calculated as h² = ________.
Genetic variation / Phenotypic variation
What external factors are considered part of the environment?
- Diet
- Climate
- Learning
What is one example of inherited behaviour in animals?
Bird songs
What is the significance of crossbreeding in studies of behavioural inheritance?
Offspring show a mix of behaviours
What is divergent selection?
Selecting one genetic line for ‘high’ and ‘low’ traits
What is a key conclusion from studies of canine breed selection?
Individual behavioural differences are inherited
What does the term ‘polygenic’ refer to?
Behaviours controlled by multiple genes/alleles
True or False: Most behaviours are controlled by a single gene.
False
What behaviour in bees was studied for single gene effects?
‘Undertaking’ behaviour
Fill in the blank: The phenotype is the result of ________ and ________.
Genes + Environment
What does ‘genetic determinism’ imply?
All traits are determined by genes
Who are two proponents of the nurture side of the nature vs nurture debate?
- John Locke
- B.F. Skinner
What is the primary focus of the nature vs nurture debate?
Which factor is more important in determining behaviour
What are ‘fixed action patterns’?
Complex actions/behaviours that can be performed without previous experience
What is the role of sexual selection in evolution?
Sexual behaviour plays an important role in the evolution of physical phenotypes
Fill in the blank: Behavioural changes with domestication include reduced fear response and increased ________ tolerance.
Social
What is a key factor in the reproductive fitness of domestic animals?
Selection by humans
What influences the optimal behaviour for a species?
Balance of costs vs benefits
Why is there not one optimal behaviour for each species?
Different behaviours provide different benefits at different times
What does diversity in behavioural traits ensure?
Adaptation to changing environments
