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Biology b > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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0
Q

What plant is Gregor Mendel use and why?

A

Pea plants because they are easy to grow, has quick germination time, controllable pollination, and traits are easy to observe

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1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Father of genetics and referred to inheriting genes as “factors”

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2
Q

Pollination

A

Fusion of the pollen and egg to form a seed

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3
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the gene for a specific characteristic. Located at the same point on homologous chromosomes( ex. Tall vs small plants)

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4
Q

Dominant

A

The trait expressed when two different allele are present, show by capital letter

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5
Q

Recessive

A

Gene that is present but not expressed , shown by lowercase letters

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6
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an individual ( ex.Tt)

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

Trait that appears in the individual

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8
Q

Heterozygous

A

Hybrid, two allele for trait that are different(ex. Tt)

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

Pure, two alleles for a trait are the same(ex. TT)

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10
Q

Law of dominance

A

Heterozygous individuals will express the phenotype of the dominant allele(ex. Tt will be a tall plant)

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11
Q

Test cross

A

Cross individual with a pure recessive individual. If some offspring show recessive trait, you have heterozygous individual. If all offspring show dominant trait, you have a homozygous dominant trait

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12
Q

Law of segregation and recombination

A

Meiosis -allele separate Fertilization: allele combine again ( Tia is why offspring can express a different phenotype VARIATION)

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13
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Traits are inherited independent my of each other (ex. Seed color and seed shape)

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14
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

(Aka blending ) only partially dominant, intermediate phenotype (ex. Red flowers x white flowers =pink )

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15
Q

Co dominance

A

Two dominant alleles are equally expressed (ex. White cattle x red cattle = roan cattle)

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16
Q

Sex determination

A

Determined by sperm X + Y= sex chromosome (not homologous )

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17
Q

Sex linked traits

A

Disorder linked to the X chromosome (ex.hemophillia and color blindness) most common in males…. Only need to get it from mom(x)

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18
Q

Carriers

A

Female that has the trait in only one x , does not express trait, 50% chance of passing of trait in to son

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19
Q

Gene linkage

A

Genes for two different traits are locate in the same chromosome, can be inherited together, the further apart on a chromosome (freckles and red hair), the less likely to be inherited together

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20
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic material during synapsis , variation in gamete

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21
Q

Multiple alleles

A

More than two allele for a given trait (ex. Blood type- type a and b are codominant over type o)

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22
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation ?

A

1:2:1

23
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Building blocks for nucleus acids

24
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, Watson and Cricks double helix

25
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Purines and pyrimidines

26
Q

Purines

A

Guanine and adenine each have tow linked rings of atom

27
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil each have a single ring

28
Q

RNA vs DNA: number of strands

A

RNA 1 DNA 2

29
Q

RNA vs DNA: 5 carbon sugar

A

RNA ribose DNA deoxyribose

30
Q

RNA vs DNA: nitrogenous bases

A

RNA AUCG DNA ATCG

31
Q

Helicate

A

Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together

32
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Only add nucleotides to the 3’ end

33
Q

Leading strand

A

DNA strand that is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction but is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction in a continuous manner

34
Q

Lagging strand

A

Made in pieces called Okazaki fragments

35
Q

DNA ligase

A

Links together Okazaki fragments

36
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that codes for making a protein

37
Q

Translation

A

mRNA -> amino acid sequence (ribosome) tells what gene means

38
Q

Transcription

A

DNA -> mRNA (nucleus) “writes” the genes

39
Q

Codon

A

Triplet of nucleotides on mRNA that codes for one amino acid

40
Q

One Gene- One Polpeptide

A

One gene on DNA codes for one polypeptide chain, some proteins composed of 2 or more chains, proteins have a quaternary structure, hav has 4 p chains

41
Q

3 stages of transcription

A

Initiation, elongation , and termination

42
Q

Initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to DNA promoter, which is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA sat the start of a gene instructs RNA polymerase where to start transcribing RNA , ex. TATA box

43
Q

Elongation

A

RNA polymerase moves along DNA , untwist the DNA one turn about 1” bases at a time, adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing RNA ,60 nucleotide per sec

44
Q

Termination

A

Termination site on DNA (ex AATAAA) signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription

45
Q

Poly-AAA tail

A

up to 200 bases long is attached at the 3’ end

46
Q

Guanosine tri phosphate cap

A

Is added to the 5’ end.. Acts as an “attach here” sign for the ribosome, two ends may protect the molecule from degradation (being broken down)

47
Q

Gene slicing

A

In eukaryotes , mRNA is modified before leaving the nucleus

48
Q

Intros

A

The non-coding sequence of genes that is taken out before translation (want to get out)

49
Q

Extrons

A

The coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is EXPRESSED

50
Q

Ribosome

A

Made up of two subunits, in nucleoli, contains ribosomal RNA and protein, has 3 binding sites (1 for attachment of mRNA and two for tRNA )

51
Q

P site

A

Holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide chain

52
Q

A site

A

Holds the tRNA attached to the next amino acid to be added to the chain

53
Q

4 stages of translation

A

Codon recognition , peptide bond formation, elongation of polypeptide via movement ( a and p site) , termination stop codon at A site on ribosome (ex. UAA)

54
Q

Light and chlorophyll

A

No light, the no chlorophyll production

55
Q

Temp and hair color

A

At low temp the hair in Himalayan rabbits will grow back darker

56
Q

Identical twin studies

A

Compare those who were separated at birth and those who were not

Biology b (11 decks)

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