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Biology b > Biotechnology > Flashcards

Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural

A

Produced or existing in nature

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2
Q

Artificial selection (selective breeding )

A

Individuals with the desirable traits are mated to produce offspring with those traits (ex.dogs-same genus and species but they look different )SPECIFIC TRAITS ARE SHOWN

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3
Q

Artificial selections of wild mustard

A

By selecting different parts of the plant to accentuate,breeders have obtained these varieties. (Broccoli cabbage kale cauliflower kohlrabi )

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4
Q

What is hybridization ?

A

Crossing two individuals with different desirable traits to produce offspring with a combination of both traits(diff specie or trait!)

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5
Q

Hybridization in cows

A

Ex: Santa Gertrudis cattle-cross between English shorthorn cattle(good beef) and Brahman cattle from India (highly resistant to heat and humidity)

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6
Q

Hybridization in potatoes

A

Burbanks hybrid crosses combined the disease resistance of one part of one plant with the food producing capacity in another

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7
Q

Male lion with female tiger

A

Liger

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8
Q

Male tiger with female lion

A

Tigon

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9
Q

Benefits of selective breeding

A

Produce crop resistant to disease and are bigger. Produce animals that have less fat and seedless fruits

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10
Q

Pros of selective breeding

A

Obtains favorable characteristics in offspring (strength size color hardiness and temp)

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11
Q

Cons of selective breeding

A

Results are not guaranteed (variation in meiosis and sexual reproduction ), selectively breeding for certain traits may overtime lead to problems with other traits , cause sterility

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12
Q

Inbreeding

A

Selective breeding of closely related organisms

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13
Q

Risk of inbreeding

A

Recessive disorders are more likely to be expressed , an increase disease that occurs when the offspring receivers a “bad” gene from each parent, greater chance of recessive alleles being expressed (disease)

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14
Q

Inbreeding pros

A

Unusually used when numbers of available organisms are small

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15
Q

Inbreeding cons

A

Much higher chance is recessive alleles being expressed ,may cause disease such as hemophilia and lead to sterility

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16
Q

Examples of inbreeding

A

Hip dysplasia in German shepherds (pure breed ) sterility in an inbred plant

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17
Q

What are GMOs?

A

Any organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means, said to be transgenic , contains DNA from different species

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18
Q

What are benefits of genetically modified plants and animals?

A

GM plants can produce natural pesticides , increase vitamins control, to make food last longer or resist the cold

19
Q

Pigs that glow

A

Green fluorescent protein(GFP) gene from jelly fish have been put into pigs, advancement have made it possible to target gene expression in eyes cells only, genes for other pigments have been introduced into animal cells

20
Q

HGH(human growth hormone)

A

By adding the gene for HGH to a mouse the size with greatly increase

21
Q

GM Salmon

A

Two salmon can be the same age and GM salmon can grow twice the rate,more difficult to genetically modify animals than plants, growth increase is food increase , greater risk natural population if GM salmon escape to wild

22
Q

Golden rice

A

Genetically modified to contain nutrients called beta carotene in daffodils

23
Q

GM Corn

A

Genes from bacteria this produce natural pesticide

24
Q

Risk of GMO

A

The creation of allergies, fear of long term effect

25
Q

GMO viruses

A

Good- can be used to make vaccines Bad- can be used in biological warfare

26
Q

GMO PROS

A

Get desired trait faster, can combine diff species , once in sex cells passed to next generation

27
Q

GMO CONS

A

Dk long term effects, can be harmful, may cause allergy, may be hard to find/isolate gene

28
Q

DNA Technology

A

The branch of biotechnology where scientists actually manipulate(alter) the genomes of organisms at the molecular level

29
Q

Artificial

A

Made by human work

30
Q

Why would altering DNA affect our traits?

A

DNA codes for the protein that determines our traits

31
Q

Vectors

A

A way to get genes from one organism into another (ex.bacterial plasmids and viruses )

32
Q

Bacterial chromosome vs human chromosome

A

Bacterial chromosomes are circular while humans are x shaped

33
Q

Bacteria have plasmids

A

Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that are found in some bacteria . Scientists alter the genetic instructions found in the plasmids and use them as vectors

34
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Asexual reproduction

35
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Scientist can target and identify a gene, cut the desired gene with restriction enzymes, the gene is combined with the DNA of another organism(gene splicing), the recombinant DNA is inserted into the cell of another organism

36
Q

What is gene splicing ?

A

When a gene is combines with the DNA of another organism

37
Q

What is the new DNA called after gene splicing?

A

Recombinant DNA

38
Q

What is the end result of genetic engineering?

A

A genetically engineered organism,GMO,transgenic

39
Q

Applications of genetic engineering(example)part 1-4

A

Scientists genetically alter the DNA of bacteria to produce human proteins like insulin

40
Q

Restriction enzymes part1

A

DNA is removed from the human cell and insulin gene is cut with this

41
Q

Restriction enzymes part2

A

Plasmids is removed from a bacterial cell and is cut with this same enzyme

42
Q

Recombinant DNA part3

A

Insulin gene and bacterial plasmid are spliced together, the new DNA is inserted into bacterial cells

43
Q

Asexual reproduction part4

A

Bacteria undergo this and are capable of creating insulin

Biology b (11 decks)

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