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Biology > genetics > Flashcards

genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many times does a cell go through meiosis

A

2 rounds

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2
Q

how many cells does meiosis create

A

4

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3
Q

are homologous chromosomes copies of each other

A

no

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4
Q

what is each half of a duplicated chromosome

A

chromatid

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5
Q

what holds a chromosome together

A

centro mere

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6
Q

when are homologous chromosomes divided

A

meiosis 1

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7
Q

when are sister chromatids divided

A

meiosis 2

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8
Q

when is DNA copied

A

before meiosis

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9
Q

what is the end result of meiosis

A

haploid cells

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10
Q

how many sets of chromosomes are in a diploid

A

two

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11
Q

how many sets of chromosomes are in a haploid

A

one

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12
Q

what is the production of gametes

A

gametogenesis

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13
Q

what does gametogenesis include

A

meiosis and changes that produce a mature cell

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14
Q

what is the male gamete

A

sperm

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15
Q

what is the female gamete

A

egg

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16
Q

what is the sperm’s main contribution to the embryo

A

DNA

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17
Q

when does the formation of an egg start

A

before birth

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18
Q

when does the formation of an egg end

A

when a sperm fertilizes it

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19
Q

what does an egg cell contribute to an embryo

A

DNA, organelles, molecular building blocks, and other material and embryo needs

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20
Q

how many cells actually become and egg from each round of meiosis

A

1

21
Q

what are the other cells that don’t become an egg called

A

polar bodies

22
Q

what are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited

A

traits

23
Q

what is the study of biological inheritance patterns and variations in organisms

A

genetics

24
Q

who was the Austrian monk who established much of our understanding about genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

25
Q

if a line of plants has become self pollinated for long enough that line becomes genetically uniform or …

A

purebred

26
Q

what is the mating of two organisms called

A

cross

27
Q

what is Mendel’s first law

A

law of segregation

28
Q

explain law of segregation

A

organisms inherit two copies of genes

organisms donate one copy of each gene in their gametes

29
Q

what is a specific location on a pair of homologous chromosomes for a gene

A

locus

30
Q

what are alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a specific locus

A

allele

31
Q

how many alleles do humans have for each gene

A

two

32
Q

what are two of the same alleles at a specific locus

A

homosygous

33
Q

what are two different alleles at a specific locus

A

heterosygous

34
Q

what is all of an organisms genetic material

A

genome

35
Q

what refers to the genetic makeup of a specific set of genes

A

genotype

36
Q

what refers to the physical characteristics or traits of an organism

A

phenotype

37
Q

what type of allele is expressed when two different alleles or two dominant are present

A

dominant

38
Q

what type of allele is expressed only when two copies are present

A

recesssive

39
Q

who developed the the punnet square

A

RC Punnet

40
Q

what are crosses that examine the inheritance of only one specific trait

A

monohybrid

41
Q

what is a cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organisms with the recessive phenotype

A

testcross

42
Q

what are crosses that examine the inheritance of two different traits

A

dihybrid

43
Q

what is Mendel’s second law

A

law of independence

44
Q

explain law of Independence

A

allele pairs separate independently of each other during gamete formation

45
Q

what is the likelihood that a particular event will happen

A

probability

46
Q

what is the major advantage of sexual reproduction

A

genetic variation

47
Q

what is the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes

A

crossing over

48
Q

genes located together tend to be inherited together

A

genetic linkage

Biology (9 decks)

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