DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Flashcards
What does DNA stand for?
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Where is DNA found in eukaryotes?
NUCLEUS
What are the repeating subunits called that make up DNA
NUCLEOTIDES
Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide
phosphate group
deoxyribose sugar
nitrogenous base
Name the 4 nitrogen bases on DNA (not abbreviations).
ADENINE, GUANINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE
The model of DNA is known as a
DOUBLE HELIX
Name the complementary base pairs on DNA.
A- T
C- G
How does the nucleotide sequence in one chain of DNA compare with the other chain of DNA?
THEY ARE COMPLIMENTARY
Describe the steps that occur in DNA replication
DNA IS UNZIPPED BY HELICASE NEW COMPLIMETARY STRAND IS FORMED (POLYMERASE) STRANDS ZIP BACK UP RESULTS IN 2 NEW DAUGHTER CELLS (EACH W/ AN OLD STRAND W A NEW)
If the sequence of nucleotides on the original DNA strand was A – G – G – C – T – A, what would be the nucleotide sequence on the complementary strand of DNA?
T- C- C- G – A - T
Is DNA replicated (copied) before or after cell division?
BEFORE
What is a mutation?
CHANGE IN GENETIC SEQUENCE
Are all mutations harmful?
NO
Name several things that can cause DNA mutations.
SHIFT IN BASE PAIR (POINT MUTATION), EXPSURE TO SUN, TOXINS
What sugar is found on RNA?
RIBOSE
What base is missing on RNA, & what other base replaces it?
THYMINE
URACIL
Is RNA double or single stranded?
SINGLE
Name the 3 types of RNA.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Why is an RNA copy of DNA made?
for the ‘code’ of protein necessary for the cell
What does tRNA transport?
Amino Acids
What is transcription?
Process of DNA to mRNA
Where does transcription occur?
in the nucleus
Briefly describe the steps of transcription
helicase unzips strand, RNA polymerase moves down DNA and complimentary base pairing making a mRNA strand, DNA zips back together
In what part of a cell are proteins made?
cytoplasm
Are both strands of DNA copied during transcription?
No, just one
What bases pair with each other during transcription?
A – U
C - G
What happens to the newly made mRNA molecule following transcription in the nucleus?
It goes into the cytoplasm
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids
How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins?
20
What is a codon & what does each codon code for?
A trio of nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
How many codons exist?
64
What is translation? Where does it occur?
Process of decoding the mRNA to a protein
in ribosomes
what are the steps of translation
mRNA moves through ribosome, every three letters codes for one amino acid, tRNA with amino acid on top and anticodon on bottom coordinate with triplet codon, amino acids form a polypeptide chain, chain then folds back on itself
How can an amino acid be specified by more than one codon?
There are 64 codons and only 20 AA’s
A segment of a chromosome that codes for a particular protein is called a
GENE
For what does all DNA code?
PROTEINS
Who discovered nuclein in used bandages
Fried rich Miescher
Who discovered nucleotide structure
Phoebus Levine
Who discovered DNA has a regular structure using X-ray diffraction
William sat bury
Who discovered DNA carries genetic information using bacteria to kill mice
Frederick Griffith
Who confirmed DNA carried genetic info using viruses and bacteria markers
Hershey and chase
Who discovered photo 51 and double helix model using X-ray diffraction
Rosalind Franklin and Ryan gosling
Who built the double helix model based on photo 51
Watson and crick
