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finals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in eukaryotic cells DNA is located in the …

A

nucleus

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2
Q

in eukaryotic cells DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the …

A

nucleus

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3
Q

type of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosome to be made into a protein

A

tRNA

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4
Q

this scientist was noted for his/her work on viruses and world war 2 gas masks

A

rosalind franklin

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5
Q

the bonds that hold two sides of DNA are bonds between …

A

nitrogenous bases

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6
Q

RNA is translated and proteins are made in the …

A

ribosome

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7
Q

in RNA, adenine pairs with …

A

uracil

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8
Q

what isn’t a base in RNA

A

thymine

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9
Q

these two scientists were credited with a Nobel prize for their work on DNA and are widely credited with determining structure of DNA

A

watson and crick

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10
Q

cytosine and thymine are …

A

pyrimidine

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11
Q

adenine and guanine are …

A

purine

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12
Q

what are the complimentary base pairs in DNA

A

AT

CG

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13
Q

group of three nucelotides on a mRNA strand is called …

A

codon

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14
Q

the enzyme that reads a strand of DNA and transcribes it into a strand of mRNA

A

DNA polymerase

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15
Q

what is not a base in DNA

A

uracil

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16
Q

amino acids are held together in a chain by …

A

peptide bonds

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17
Q

group of three nucelotides on a molecule of tRNA

A

anticodon

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18
Q

DNA is located in the … for prokaryotic cells

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

DNA replication occurs in which stage of the cell cycle

A

S

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20
Q

in DNA the enzyme that reads a strand of DNA and constructs the other side is …

A

DNA polymerase

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21
Q

proteins are made up of long chains of …

A

amino acids

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22
Q

type of sugar in RNA

A

ribose sugar

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23
Q

in DNA replication DNA unzips at the …

A

replication fork

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24
Q

in DNA replication, … unzips DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases

A

helicase

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25
Q

DNA wraps itself …

A

histones

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26
Q

DNA is wound into supercoils and organized into …

A

chromosomes

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27
Q

after DNA replication, there are now … strands

A

2

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28
Q

the backbone of DNA is repeating bonds between …

A

phosphate group

deoxiribose sugar

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29
Q

… took photo 51

A

Rosalind Franklin

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30
Q

three types of RNA and function

A

mRNA: copy of DNA, fed through ribsome
tRNA: anticodon of mRNA, antidcodon codes for protein
rRNA: found in ribosome, “decoder ring”

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31
Q

3 components of nucleotide

A

phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
nitrogenous base

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32
Q

how many hyrdogen bonds in AT and CG

A

2

3

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33
Q

DNA is a double …

A

helix

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34
Q

founder of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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35
Q

a flower that fertilizes itself and produces offspring is …

A

asexual

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36
Q

mendel focused his work on …

A

pea plants

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37
Q

cross pollination is …

A

sexual

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38
Q

over centuries a certain family has produced only small handed children

A

true breeding

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39
Q

F1 means …

A

first fillial

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40
Q

three laws of mendel

A

dominance
segregation
independent assortment

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41
Q

AA is …zygous

A

homo

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42
Q

bb is …zygous

A

homo

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43
Q

Cc is …zygous

A

hetero

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44
Q

codominant vs incomplete dominance vs classical dominance

A

co is both traits scene
inco is mixing
classical is one or the other

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45
Q

what mutation is this:
Original: ATTCCGGTAT
Copy: ATCCGGTAT

A

deletion

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46
Q

what mutation is this:
Original: ATTCCGGTAT
Copy: ATTCCCGGTAT

A

insertion

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47
Q

what mutation is this:
Original: ATTCCGGTAT
Copy: ATTGCCGTAT

A

inversion

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48
Q

what is translocation

A

moving of whole sequences onto other chromosones

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49
Q

what is subsitution

A

replacing a base

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50
Q

gene mutation where chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis

A

nondisjunction

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51
Q

type of gene mutation where codons are read in the same sequence before and after mutation

A

point

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52
Q

type of gene mutation where codons are altered

A

frameshift

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53
Q

development of new types of organisms from previously existing organisms over time

A

evolution

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54
Q

geologic catastrophes caused the extinction of large groups of organisms is known as … which was invented by …

A

catostrophism

cuvier

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55
Q

sediments are youngest on top and oldest on bottom

A

superposition

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56
Q

argued same ideas as cuvier in 1800s and they were still at work today

A

lyell

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57
Q

a giraffe has 2m long neck at maturity. at end of life it has 2.25 m long neck.

A

acquired characterisitic

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58
Q

reconstructed organisms from fossil’s appearance

A

cuvier

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59
Q

a giraffe has 2m long neck at maturity. at end of life it has 2.25 m long neck. what will the kid have.

A

2 meter long neck

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60
Q

sediments are deposited by nearly horizontal beds

A

original horizontality

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61
Q

most influential evolution book and written by who

A

on the origin of species

darwin

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62
Q

argued acquired characteristics are passed down from parent to offspring

A

lamarck

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63
Q

layers of rock

A

strata

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64
Q

at the species level organisms reproduce and change over time

A

descent with modification

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65
Q

traits of individuals that survive and reproduce will become more common in that population

A

differential production

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66
Q

vessel that carried darwin

A

hms beagle

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67
Q

evolutionary history of an organism

A

phylogeny

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68
Q

comparing DNA, RNA, and proteins of different organisms to determine evolutionary relationships

A

biological molecules

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69
Q

occurs when two organisms evolve adaptations to each other’s influence

A

coevolution

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70
Q

german scientist accredited with developing modern cladisitcs

A

willi heneg

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71
Q

species tend to produce more organism that can survive to maturity

A

overproduction

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72
Q

individuals in a population have characteristics that differ

A

genetic variation

73
Q

layers of rock cannot be fractured or moved until the layer exists

A

crosscutting relationship

74
Q

bird and bat wings are … structures

A

analogous

75
Q

sediments are deposited laterally in all directions

A

lateral continuity

76
Q

branching tree indicating the relationship between ancestors and descendants between groups

A

cladogram

77
Q

studying similar organisms across the world

A

biogeogrpahy

78
Q

a certain scientist is analyzing a possible evolutionary relationship between bats and birds by looking at their wings

A

anatomy and embryology

79
Q

bat wings and human arms are … structures

A

homologous

80
Q

some individuals survive longer and reproduce more than others

A

struggle for survival

81
Q

he argued idea of descent with modification

A

darwin

82
Q

primary scientist responsible for creation of domain level

A

carol woese

83
Q

4 distinct phases of natural selection and describe

A

overproduction: more orgnaisms are born that reach maturity than they die
genetic variation: difference in traits
struggle for survival: competition for resources and mates
differential reproduction: individuals reproduce more or less or sooner or later

84
Q

relative vs absolute age

A

relative: x is older than y
absolute: x is … years old and y is … years old

85
Q

divergent vs convergent evolution

A

divergent: two similar organisms in similar environment that cause different pressures such as arms and bat wings
convergent: two different organisms with same environmental pressures but develop structures different in origin but similar in function like bird and bat wings

86
Q

Linnaean classification system

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
87
Q

what hierarchical level was added in recent years and where does it fit in the system

A

domain
highest
above kingdom

88
Q

three domains

A

bacteria: prokaryotic
archaea: prokaryotic but membrane
eukarya: eukaryotic

89
Q

sponges are phylum …

A

porifera

90
Q

jellies are phylum …

A

cnidiaria

91
Q

lancelets are phylum …

A

chordata

92
Q

flatworms are phylum

A

platyhelminthes

93
Q

amoeba are kingdom

A

protista

94
Q

earthworms are phylum

A

annelida

95
Q

shrooms are kingdom

A

fungi

96
Q

crabs are phylum

A

arthropoda

97
Q

ferns are kingdom

A

plantae

98
Q

snails are phylum

A

mollusca

99
Q

prokaryotic organisms with some modification

A

archaea

100
Q

these plants do not have sophisticated nutrient transport systems

A

nonvascular

101
Q

plant transport system carrying organic nutrients

A

phloem

102
Q

ancestors were the first life forms on earth

A

bacteria

103
Q

bacteria with rounded rectangle shape

A

bacilli

104
Q

often move by cilia or flagella

A

protista

105
Q

mycology is study of

A

plantae

106
Q

these organisms have segmented bodies and many parapodia for movement

A

annelida

107
Q

these orgnaisms have segmented jointed limbs

A

arthopoda

108
Q

multi cellular organisms including yeast and mold

A

fungi

109
Q

fungi are not …trophic

A

auto

110
Q

autotrophic vs hetertrophic

A

auto make own food

hetero depend on othes

111
Q

single celled prokaryote no mebranes

A

bacteria

112
Q

root like structures used by fungi to absorb nutrients and water

A

rhizomorphs

113
Q

plant transport vessels carrying water and inorganic

A

xylem

114
Q

some are psychotropic and used to get high in religion

A

shrooms

115
Q

animals are not …trophic

A

auto

116
Q

strictly sedentary organisms that filter feed water for food

A

porifera

117
Q

type of symmetry found in flatworms

A

bilateral

118
Q

arthropod that breathes through openings in exoskelton

A

tracheata

119
Q

organisms with cell walls of cellulose

A

plantae

120
Q

plants are not moving or …

A

not motile

121
Q

cells containing membrane bound organelles

A

eukarya

122
Q

eukarya organisms that often don’t fit anywhere such as amoeba

A

protista

123
Q

arthropod found with claws as adult

A

crustacea

124
Q

cnidarians move via …

A

neuromuscular cells

125
Q

most undergo periodic molting in order to grow

A

arthropoda

126
Q

fungae grow enlongated tubular filamentous structures called …

A

hyphae

127
Q

symmetry where its similar through central axis

A

radial

128
Q

bacteria with round shape

A

cocci

129
Q

specialized stinging cell found in jellies and corals

A

cnidocytes

130
Q

chelicerata are … not …

A

arthropoda

chordata

131
Q

tapeworms are phylum

A

platyhelminthes

132
Q

often undergo two stage life cycle separated by metamorphosis

A

arthropoda

133
Q

arthropoda with fangs

A

chelicerata

134
Q

subgroups of mollusca

A

gastropoda
bivalva
cephlapoda

135
Q

felxible rod found in embryo of chordates that has evolved into modern day vertebrae

A

notochord

136
Q

often used as fish bait

A

annelida

137
Q

5 chordata characterisitcs

A 
notochord
endostyle
dorsal nerve
pharyngeal slits
post anal tail
138
Q

plants vs fungi

A

plant cell walls are made of cellulose

fungi cell walls made of chitin

139
Q

classification of plants

A

plants are vascular and nonvascular. vascular have seed and seedless. seeds have gymno and angiosperms.

140
Q

study of interaction between living and nonliving organisms of enviroment

A

ecology

141
Q

predators are abiotic or biotic

A

biotic

142
Q

range of conditions in which an organism can exist

A

range of tolerance

143
Q

organization levels of life

A 
molecule
cell
groups of cells
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
144
Q

process by which organism adjust tolerance

A

acclimation

145
Q

as conditions in an ecosystem change, organisms have two potential options, control or escape. if organisms control he can

A

regulate

conform

146
Q

as conditions in an ecosystem change, organisms have two potential options, control or escape. if organisms escape he can

A

migrate

domancy

147
Q

koala is genralist or specialist

A

specialist

148
Q

how much percent of energy is passed onto next trophic level

A

10

149
Q

autotrophs are on the … level

A

first

150
Q

carnivores are on the … level

A

third

151
Q

4 major geochemical cycles

A

carbon
phosphorous
nitrogen
water

152
Q

group of organisms of one type that live in same area

A

population

153
Q

group of organisms of same species occupying the same area at the same time

A

population

154
Q

crowdeness of population

A

density

155
Q

4 zones of ocean

A

neritic
euphotic
bathyal
abyssal

156
Q

zone of ocean in total dark

A

abyssal

157
Q

rivers and streams get nutrients from …

A

neighboring terestial systems

158
Q

spatial distribution of given population

A

dispersion

159
Q

number of organisms an environment can support

A

carrying capacity

160
Q

airborne communicable disease kills more of population A with 100/2 or B with 60/1

A

B

161
Q

pollutant with 100% fatality released into streams kills more of population A with 100/2 or B with 60/1

A

both

162
Q

4 zones of lake

A

littoral
limnetic
profundal
benthic

163
Q

lake zone closest to shore

A

littoral

164
Q

ocean zone in semidarkness and large variety of fish

A

bathyal

165
Q

5 species interaction

A 
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
predation
competition
166
Q

community and nonliving surroundings

A

ecosystem

167
Q

an ecosystem has 13 distinct species

A

species richness

168
Q

areas of world with greatest species richness is …

A

politically less stable

169
Q

events that change communities, alter or destroy orgnaisms, and affect resource availability

A

disturbance

170
Q

stability is tendency of a system to maintain a relatively … condition

A

constant

171
Q

gradual sequential regrowth of a community of species

A

ecological sucession

172
Q

living individual

A

organism

173
Q

zone of ocean with sunlight, active photosynthesis and closest to shore

A

neritic

174
Q

zone of lake above benthic zone

A

profundal

175
Q

range of tolerance zones

A

intolerance
physiological stress
optimum range

176
Q

exponential vs logistical models

A

expo: no limiting factors
logistical: limiting factors

177
Q

population growth rate

A

births/1000 - deaths/1000

178
Q

primary vs secondary sucession

A

primary: life grows in area not previously supporting life like bare rock or volcano
secondary: sequential regrowth of species such as grassland to forest

Biology (9 decks)

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