finals Flashcards
in eukaryotic cells DNA is located in the …
nucleus
in eukaryotic cells DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the …
nucleus
type of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosome to be made into a protein
tRNA
this scientist was noted for his/her work on viruses and world war 2 gas masks
rosalind franklin
the bonds that hold two sides of DNA are bonds between …
nitrogenous bases
RNA is translated and proteins are made in the …
ribosome
in RNA, adenine pairs with …
uracil
what isn’t a base in RNA
thymine
these two scientists were credited with a Nobel prize for their work on DNA and are widely credited with determining structure of DNA
watson and crick
cytosine and thymine are …
pyrimidine
adenine and guanine are …
purine
what are the complimentary base pairs in DNA
AT
CG
group of three nucelotides on a mRNA strand is called …
codon
the enzyme that reads a strand of DNA and transcribes it into a strand of mRNA
DNA polymerase
what is not a base in DNA
uracil
amino acids are held together in a chain by …
peptide bonds
group of three nucelotides on a molecule of tRNA
anticodon
DNA is located in the … for prokaryotic cells
cytoplasm
DNA replication occurs in which stage of the cell cycle
S
in DNA the enzyme that reads a strand of DNA and constructs the other side is …
DNA polymerase
proteins are made up of long chains of …
amino acids
type of sugar in RNA
ribose sugar
in DNA replication DNA unzips at the …
replication fork
in DNA replication, … unzips DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases
helicase
DNA wraps itself …
histones
DNA is wound into supercoils and organized into …
chromosomes
after DNA replication, there are now … strands
2
the backbone of DNA is repeating bonds between …
phosphate group
deoxiribose sugar
… took photo 51
Rosalind Franklin
three types of RNA and function
mRNA: copy of DNA, fed through ribsome
tRNA: anticodon of mRNA, antidcodon codes for protein
rRNA: found in ribosome, “decoder ring”
3 components of nucleotide
phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
nitrogenous base
how many hyrdogen bonds in AT and CG
2
3
DNA is a double …
helix
founder of genetics
Gregor Mendel
a flower that fertilizes itself and produces offspring is …
asexual
mendel focused his work on …
pea plants
cross pollination is …
sexual
over centuries a certain family has produced only small handed children
true breeding
F1 means …
first fillial
three laws of mendel
dominance
segregation
independent assortment
AA is …zygous
homo
bb is …zygous
homo
Cc is …zygous
hetero
codominant vs incomplete dominance vs classical dominance
co is both traits scene
inco is mixing
classical is one or the other
what mutation is this:
Original: ATTCCGGTAT
Copy: ATCCGGTAT
deletion
what mutation is this:
Original: ATTCCGGTAT
Copy: ATTCCCGGTAT
insertion
what mutation is this:
Original: ATTCCGGTAT
Copy: ATTGCCGTAT
inversion
what is translocation
moving of whole sequences onto other chromosones
what is subsitution
replacing a base
gene mutation where chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
nondisjunction
type of gene mutation where codons are read in the same sequence before and after mutation
point
type of gene mutation where codons are altered
frameshift
development of new types of organisms from previously existing organisms over time
evolution
geologic catastrophes caused the extinction of large groups of organisms is known as … which was invented by …
catostrophism
cuvier
sediments are youngest on top and oldest on bottom
superposition
argued same ideas as cuvier in 1800s and they were still at work today
lyell
a giraffe has 2m long neck at maturity. at end of life it has 2.25 m long neck.
acquired characterisitic
reconstructed organisms from fossil’s appearance
cuvier
a giraffe has 2m long neck at maturity. at end of life it has 2.25 m long neck. what will the kid have.
2 meter long neck
sediments are deposited by nearly horizontal beds
original horizontality
most influential evolution book and written by who
on the origin of species
darwin
argued acquired characteristics are passed down from parent to offspring
lamarck
layers of rock
strata
at the species level organisms reproduce and change over time
descent with modification
traits of individuals that survive and reproduce will become more common in that population
differential production
vessel that carried darwin
hms beagle
evolutionary history of an organism
phylogeny
comparing DNA, RNA, and proteins of different organisms to determine evolutionary relationships
biological molecules
occurs when two organisms evolve adaptations to each other’s influence
coevolution
german scientist accredited with developing modern cladisitcs
willi heneg
species tend to produce more organism that can survive to maturity
overproduction
individuals in a population have characteristics that differ
genetic variation
layers of rock cannot be fractured or moved until the layer exists
crosscutting relationship
bird and bat wings are … structures
analogous
sediments are deposited laterally in all directions
lateral continuity
branching tree indicating the relationship between ancestors and descendants between groups
cladogram
studying similar organisms across the world
biogeogrpahy
a certain scientist is analyzing a possible evolutionary relationship between bats and birds by looking at their wings
anatomy and embryology
bat wings and human arms are … structures
homologous
some individuals survive longer and reproduce more than others
struggle for survival
he argued idea of descent with modification
darwin
primary scientist responsible for creation of domain level
carol woese
4 distinct phases of natural selection and describe
overproduction: more orgnaisms are born that reach maturity than they die
genetic variation: difference in traits
struggle for survival: competition for resources and mates
differential reproduction: individuals reproduce more or less or sooner or later
relative vs absolute age
relative: x is older than y
absolute: x is … years old and y is … years old
divergent vs convergent evolution
divergent: two similar organisms in similar environment that cause different pressures such as arms and bat wings
convergent: two different organisms with same environmental pressures but develop structures different in origin but similar in function like bird and bat wings
Linnaean classification system
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
what hierarchical level was added in recent years and where does it fit in the system
domain
highest
above kingdom
three domains
bacteria: prokaryotic
archaea: prokaryotic but membrane
eukarya: eukaryotic
sponges are phylum …
porifera
jellies are phylum …
cnidiaria
lancelets are phylum …
chordata
flatworms are phylum
platyhelminthes
amoeba are kingdom
protista
earthworms are phylum
annelida
shrooms are kingdom
fungi
crabs are phylum
arthropoda
ferns are kingdom
plantae
snails are phylum
mollusca
prokaryotic organisms with some modification
archaea
these plants do not have sophisticated nutrient transport systems
nonvascular
plant transport system carrying organic nutrients
phloem
ancestors were the first life forms on earth
bacteria
bacteria with rounded rectangle shape
bacilli
often move by cilia or flagella
protista
mycology is study of
plantae
these organisms have segmented bodies and many parapodia for movement
annelida
these orgnaisms have segmented jointed limbs
arthopoda
multi cellular organisms including yeast and mold
fungi
fungi are not …trophic
auto
autotrophic vs hetertrophic
auto make own food
hetero depend on othes
single celled prokaryote no mebranes
bacteria
root like structures used by fungi to absorb nutrients and water
rhizomorphs
plant transport vessels carrying water and inorganic
xylem
some are psychotropic and used to get high in religion
shrooms
animals are not …trophic
auto
strictly sedentary organisms that filter feed water for food
porifera
type of symmetry found in flatworms
bilateral
arthropod that breathes through openings in exoskelton
tracheata
organisms with cell walls of cellulose
plantae
plants are not moving or …
not motile
cells containing membrane bound organelles
eukarya
eukarya organisms that often don’t fit anywhere such as amoeba
protista
arthropod found with claws as adult
crustacea
cnidarians move via …
neuromuscular cells
most undergo periodic molting in order to grow
arthropoda
fungae grow enlongated tubular filamentous structures called …
hyphae
symmetry where its similar through central axis
radial
bacteria with round shape
cocci
specialized stinging cell found in jellies and corals
cnidocytes
chelicerata are … not …
arthropoda
chordata
tapeworms are phylum
platyhelminthes
often undergo two stage life cycle separated by metamorphosis
arthropoda
arthropoda with fangs
chelicerata
subgroups of mollusca
gastropoda
bivalva
cephlapoda
felxible rod found in embryo of chordates that has evolved into modern day vertebrae
notochord
often used as fish bait
annelida
5 chordata characterisitcs
notochord endostyle dorsal nerve pharyngeal slits post anal tail
plants vs fungi
plant cell walls are made of cellulose
fungi cell walls made of chitin
classification of plants
plants are vascular and nonvascular. vascular have seed and seedless. seeds have gymno and angiosperms.
study of interaction between living and nonliving organisms of enviroment
ecology
predators are abiotic or biotic
biotic
range of conditions in which an organism can exist
range of tolerance
organization levels of life
molecule cell groups of cells organism population community ecosystem biosphere
process by which organism adjust tolerance
acclimation
as conditions in an ecosystem change, organisms have two potential options, control or escape. if organisms control he can
regulate
conform
as conditions in an ecosystem change, organisms have two potential options, control or escape. if organisms escape he can
migrate
domancy
koala is genralist or specialist
specialist
how much percent of energy is passed onto next trophic level
10
autotrophs are on the … level
first
carnivores are on the … level
third
4 major geochemical cycles
carbon
phosphorous
nitrogen
water
group of organisms of one type that live in same area
population
group of organisms of same species occupying the same area at the same time
population
crowdeness of population
density
4 zones of ocean
neritic
euphotic
bathyal
abyssal
zone of ocean in total dark
abyssal
rivers and streams get nutrients from …
neighboring terestial systems
spatial distribution of given population
dispersion
number of organisms an environment can support
carrying capacity
airborne communicable disease kills more of population A with 100/2 or B with 60/1
B
pollutant with 100% fatality released into streams kills more of population A with 100/2 or B with 60/1
both
4 zones of lake
littoral
limnetic
profundal
benthic
lake zone closest to shore
littoral
ocean zone in semidarkness and large variety of fish
bathyal
5 species interaction
mutualism commensalism parasitism predation competition
community and nonliving surroundings
ecosystem
an ecosystem has 13 distinct species
species richness
areas of world with greatest species richness is …
politically less stable
events that change communities, alter or destroy orgnaisms, and affect resource availability
disturbance
stability is tendency of a system to maintain a relatively … condition
constant
gradual sequential regrowth of a community of species
ecological sucession
living individual
organism
zone of ocean with sunlight, active photosynthesis and closest to shore
neritic
zone of lake above benthic zone
profundal
range of tolerance zones
intolerance
physiological stress
optimum range
exponential vs logistical models
expo: no limiting factors
logistical: limiting factors
population growth rate
births/1000 - deaths/1000
primary vs secondary sucession
primary: life grows in area not previously supporting life like bare rock or volcano
secondary: sequential regrowth of species such as grassland to forest
