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ECOLOGY Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the study of interaction between living organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment

A

ecology

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2
Q

what is how things are dependent on each other

A

interdependence

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3
Q

what is any single change

A

result

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4
Q

can single changes have big effects

A

yes, spread through network of interactions

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5
Q

what are the levels of organization

A 
molecules
cells
groups of cells
organisms
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
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6
Q

what is a molecule

A

group of atoms

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7
Q

molecules are the … unit of most … compounds

A

smallest

chemical

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8
Q

molecule examples

A

DNA

water

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9
Q

what is a cell

A

smallest functional unit of life

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10
Q

cell exmaples

A

nerve cells
muscle cells
blood cells

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11
Q

what is a group of cells

A

tissues, organs, organ systems

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12
Q

group of cell example

A

nervous tissue to brain to nervous system

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13
Q

what is an organism

A

individual living thing

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14
Q

organism example

A

bison

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15
Q

what is a population

A

one type of organisms living in same area

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16
Q

population example

A

bison herd

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17
Q

what is a cummunity

A

populations that live together in a defined area

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18
Q

community example

A

hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass

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19
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

community and its nonliving surroundings

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20
Q

ecosystem example

A

hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air

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21
Q

what is a biosphere

A

part of earth that contains all ecosystems

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22
Q

what is the difference between molecules and cells

A

molecules are nonliving
cells are living
molecules are smallest compound
cells are smallest living unit

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23
Q

what is the difference between community and ecosystem

A

populations in an area

populations and nonliving

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24
Q

what are the two components of an ecosystem

A

biotic factors

abiotic factors

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25
Q

what is bioitc

A

organisms that live or were once alive

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26
Q

biotic examples

A

anything that was once or is alive

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27
Q

what is abiotic

A

things that will never or were alive

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28
Q

abiotic examples

A 
temperature
air
humidty
ph
etc
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29
Q

is a dead animal biotic or abiotic and why

A

biotic, was once alive

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30
Q

is oxygen abioitc or biotic and why

A

abiotic, never will live

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31
Q

what is the range of conditions in which an organism can survive

A

range of tolerance

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32
Q

example of species survival vs conditions

A

humans like 70 degrees. 110 is out of range

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33
Q

what is the process by which an organism can adjust their tolernace

A

acclimation

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34
Q

example of acclimation

A

acclimated to temperature:

people adjust to 110 and 90 degrees feel cool

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35
Q

what are the zones of tolerance on graphs

A

intolerance
physiological stress
optimum range

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36
Q

what is zone of intolerance

A

organisms are absent

can’t live

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37
Q

what is zone of physiological stress

A

organisms are infrequent

alive but not doing so well

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38
Q

what is zone of optimum range

A

greatest abundance of organisms

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39
Q

what are the two options when conditions change

A

control or escape

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40
Q

what are the two versions of control

A

conformers

regulators

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41
Q

what do conformers do

A

change with enviroment

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42
Q

examples of conformers

A

snakes and lizards

keep dancing to bad music

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43
Q

what do regulators do

A

use their own energy to control internal conditions

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44
Q

examples of regulators

A

humans

put on different music

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45
Q

examples of escape conditions

A

dormancy
migration
leave the dance

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46
Q

what is a role of species within its enviroment

A

niche

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47
Q

what does a niche include

A 
range of tolerance
resources
methods to obtain resources
interactions
etc
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48
Q

what are two strategies of niche

A

generalist

specialist

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49
Q

example of generalist

A 
Virginia opossum:
eats anything
not picky
large range of tolerance
friendly with humans
lot of reproduction
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50
Q

example of specialist

A 
koala:
low metabolism
not active
only eats eucalyptus leaves 
very low range of tolerance
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51
Q

what is tracing food through levels

A

tracing food through levels

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52
Q

how much percent of energy goes through each level

A

10

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53
Q

what are the tropic levels

A

tertiary
secondary
primary
producers

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54
Q

what are tertiary consumers

A

higher carnivores

least energy

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55
Q

what are secondary consumers

A

carnivores and detrivores (scavengers

second most energy

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56
Q

what are primary consumers

A

eat producers
most energy received out of consumers
herbivores

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57
Q

what are producers

A

bring energy into ecosystem through photosynthesis
produce most energy
plants

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58
Q

what are bio geo chemical cycles

A

movement of substances that can pass between the living and nonliving components of an ecosystem

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59
Q

what are significant bio geo chemical cycles

A

water
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorous

60
Q

what is water cycle

A

needed for chemical reactions

61
Q

what is carbon cycle

A

backbone of organic molecules

62
Q

what is nitrogen cycle

A

proteins and nucleic acid

63
Q

what is phosphorous cycle

A

skeletal structure, DNA, RNA

64
Q

what are characteristics of population

A

size
density
dispersion

65
Q

what is size

A

number of indviduals

66
Q

what is density

A

crowdedness of population

67
Q

what is distribution

A

spacial distribution

68
Q

populations are … meaning they change

A

dynamic

69
Q

what are characteristics of population dynamic

A

birth rate
death rate
life expectancy

70
Q

what is birth rate equation

A

birth / time

71
Q

what is death rate equation

A

death / time

72
Q

what is life expectancy

A

average life time

73
Q

what is growth rate equation

A

(births/1000) - (deaths/1000)
crude birth rate - crude death rate
convert to percent

74
Q

when a line goes straight up on a population model what kind is it

A

exponential

75
Q

why will a population line go straight up

A

no limiting factors

76
Q

what kind of population model accounts for limiting factors

A

logistical

77
Q

what is carrying capactiy

A

number of individuals an environment can support over a period of time

78
Q

in population regulation what is triggered by increasing density

A

density dependent

79
Q

density dependent examples

A

food

nesting site

80
Q

what occurs independent of population dynamics

A

density independent

81
Q

density independent examples

A

weather
natural disasters
cancer

82
Q

what are the dangers of small populations

A

environmental disturbances lead to huge effects on small populations
less survivors when disaster comes
inbreeding

83
Q

what does inbreeding lead to

A

decreased genetic variation
decreased survivability to diseases since everyone is same
genetic drift increases deleterious genes

84
Q

what are the 5 species interactions

A 
mutualism 
commensalism
parasitism
predation
competition
85
Q

mutualism and examples

A

both benefit

coral and bacteria

86
Q

commensalism and examples

A

one benefits other nothing

birds and cows

87
Q

parasitism and examples

A

one species loses, parasite and host

flea and dog

88
Q

predation and examples

A

one hunts other

cats and mice

89
Q

competition and example

A

both species lose, two species want same resource

birds and seed

90
Q

what are the three categories of species interaction

A

natural
common
evolution

91
Q

results of interactions

A

increase pop
reduced niche size
resource partitioning
competing exclusion

92
Q

what is resource partitioning

A

i hunt here you hunt there

93
Q

what is competing exclusion

A

loser is excluded from resources

94
Q

what is richness

A

number of species in community

95
Q

what is eveness

A

relative abundance

how common each species is in the community

96
Q

what is disturbance

A

event that change communities, alter or destroy organisms, alter resource ability

97
Q

what is stability

A

tendency of community to maintain relatively constant conditions

98
Q

in succession, … are common

A

disturbances

99
Q

what is ecological succession

A

gradual, sequential regrowth of a common species

100
Q

what is primary succession

A

growth in an area not supporting life previously

101
Q

example of primary succession

A

volcano, bare rock

102
Q

what is secondary succession

A

sequential replacement of species

103
Q

secondary succession example

A

grassland to forest

104
Q

what is a climax community

A

stable ending community

105
Q

stable ending communities are not … these days

A

accreted

106
Q

in stable ending communities, disturbances are … yet …

A

common

complex

107
Q

in some stable ending communities, they are maintained by …

A

disturbances

108
Q

example of stable ending communities

A

wild fires burning

109
Q

what are the aquatic ecosystems

A

oceans
estuaries
rivers/streams
freshwater lakes

110
Q

what are the zones of the ocean shallowest to deepest

A

neritic
euphotic
bathyal
abyssal

111
Q

is neritic sunlit

A

yes

112
Q

neritic has … photosynthesis

A

active

113
Q

neritic has … oxygen levels and … pollution

A

high

high

114
Q

where does major commercial fishing take place

A

neritic

115
Q

where does pollution occur

A

near shore

116
Q

neritic has continental …

A

shelf

117
Q

is euphotc zone sunlit

A

yes

118
Q

euphotic has … photosynthesis

A

active

119
Q

euphotic has … oxygen but … nutrient

A

high

low

120
Q

euphotic represents …of ocean surface but produces only …

A

90

10

121
Q

euphotic has continental …

A

slope

122
Q

bathyal is … (how much light)

A

semidarkness

123
Q

bathyal has no … and so no …

A

photosynthesis

producers

124
Q

bathyal has … of fish

A

variety

125
Q

abyssal is … (how much light)

A

pitch dark

126
Q

abyssal has no … so no …

A

photosynthesis

producers

127
Q

there is … oxygen and … water

A

little

very cold

128
Q

what ocean zone contains 98 percent of ocean species

A

abyssal

129
Q

how do species survive in abyssal

A

predators

scavengers

130
Q

many organisms are … in abyssal

A

bioluminescent organs

131
Q

decomposers feed on … on ocean …

A

decaying matter

bottom

132
Q

abyssal has high … and …

A

water pressure

nutrients on ocean floor

133
Q

what occurs when fresh meets saltwater

A

estuaries

134
Q

example of estuarie

A 
ocean running into river
bays
mudflats
mangrove swamps
salt marshes
135
Q

what water body drops down from mountain

A

rivers/streams

136
Q

what do rivers rely on for oxygenation

A

agitation

137
Q

where do rivers get nutrients

A

neighboring terrestrial ecosystem

138
Q

what is eutrophication

A

overflowing of nutirents

139
Q

example of eutrophication

A

algae grow on grass beds
blue crabs dies
less commercial fishing

140
Q

what is water body with less than 3.5 salinity

A

freshwater lake

141
Q

what are the freshwater lake zones

A

littoral
limnetic
profundal
benthic

142
Q

what is littoral

A

very close to shore

still has sunlight

143
Q

what is limnetic

A

drops off a bit

still has sunlight

144
Q

what is profundal

A

very close to bottom

no sunlight

145
Q

what is benthic

A

bottom of lake

146
Q

each lake zone has … conditions and so very … life forms

A

different

different

147
Q

what is seasonal cycling

A

when seasons stir up everything in lake

Biology (9 decks)

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