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evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which scientist reconstructed appearances from fossils

A

Georges Cuvier

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2
Q

what did Cuvier notice

A

past organisms are different from present
deeper you go more different
some organisms dissappear completely

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3
Q

what did Cuvier come up with

A

catastophoism

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4
Q

which scientist was similar to Cuvier

A

Charles Lyell

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5
Q

what did Lyell think

A

catastrophes that caused extinction still and always work

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6
Q

which scientist thought that organisms change over time

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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7
Q

what did Lamarck think

A

changes you acquire during life are passed down to offspring

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8
Q

who proposed natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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9
Q

what did Darwin think

A

descent with modification
species reproduce
species change over time

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10
Q

what is overproduction

A

more than dead can survive

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11
Q

what is genetic variation

A

difference in traits

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12
Q

what is struggle for survival

A

competition for resources and mates

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13
Q

what is adpation

A

trait making an organism successful to survive or fitness

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14
Q

what is evidence for evolution

A

fossils

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15
Q

what is biogeography

A

looking at similar species located in different places

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16
Q

what do you look at in anatomy and embryology

A

you look at how embryos are similar but change in adulthood

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17
Q

what do you look at in biological molecules

A

DNA

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18
Q

what are the four rock principals

A

superposition
horizontal
crosscutting relationships
lateral continuity

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19
Q

what is the law of superposition

A

youngest sediment on top oldest on bottom

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20
Q

what is original horizontal

A

sediments deposited in horizontal

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21
Q

what is crosscutting relationships

A

layer of rock must exist to be broken

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22
Q

what is lateral continuity

A

sediments deposited in latte rally in all directions

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23
Q

what was used in the age of fossils

A

superposition

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24
Q

which scientist used superposition and looked at fossils

A

Nicholas Steno

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25
Q

what did Steno think

A

rock strata is undisturbed

oldest layers on bottom

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26
Q

what is relative age

A

x is older than y

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27
Q

what is absolute age

A

x is … years old

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28
Q

the distribution of fossils is determined by …

A

location in strata

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29
Q

different organisms lived at …

A

different times

30
Q

present day organisms are …

A

different from the past

31
Q

fossils in adjacent layers lived in …

A

similar time periods

32
Q

organisms living in same period …

A

similar to each other

33
Q

what is the missing link between one species to another

A

transitional species

34
Q

evolution changes …

A

gradually

35
Q

what is the study of organisms throughout the world

A

bio geography

36
Q

what are analogous structures

A

similar in function with different evolutionary organisms

37
Q

what is an example of analogous

A

bat wings and bird wings

38
Q

what are homologous structures

A

different in function with same evolutionary origin

39
Q

what is an example of homologous

A

human hands and bat wings

40
Q

what are vestigial structures

A

2 organisms with same structures but one uses it and one doesnt

41
Q

what is an example vestigial

A

appendix

42
Q

in embryology related species show …

A

similarities in embryological development

43
Q

what are the 4 evolutionary paths

A

convergent
divergent
adaptive radiation
coevolution

44
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

organism is not closely related but in similar environments and look alike

45
Q

what is an example of convergent evolution

A

bird and bat wings

46
Q

what divergent evolution

A

different environment pressures of related organisms cause different changes over time

47
Q

what is an example of divergent

A

human arms and bat wings

48
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

divergent evolution of a single group of organisms in a new enviroment

49
Q

what is artificial selection

A

humans choosing humans, humans breeding dogs, hunting

50
Q

what do humans do in coevolution

A

pick certain traits and encourage them

51
Q

what is coevolution

A

species evolve adaptations to each others influence

52
Q

what is an example of co-evolution

A

flowering plants and specific pollinator

53
Q

what is the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

A

taxonomy

54
Q

what is a particular group

A

taxon

55
Q

who developed the linnaean system

A

Carolus Linnaeus

56
Q

how many levels are in the system

A

8

57
Q

what is the name of a scientific name

A

binomial nomenclature

58
Q

what is a scientific name made of

A

genus and species

59
Q

what are the levels of the system

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
60
Q

the higher the level the …

A

more items in it

61
Q

what is the system of classifying organisms according to their natural relationships

A

systematics

62
Q

what do you look at in systematics

A

homologous features and embryonic development

63
Q

what is phylogeny

A

evolutionary history or ancestral relationships among taxa

64
Q

what is a phylogenetic diagram

A

tree like diagram depicting relationships between taxa

65
Q

who developed cladistics

A

Willi Hennig

66
Q

what is cladistics

A

phylogenetics analysis using shared and derived characteristics

67
Q

what is a shared character

A

feature all members of a group

68
Q

what is a derived character

A

character unique to a particular group or organism

69
Q

what is clade

A

ancestor + descendants

70
Q

what is a cladogram

A

relationships between ancestors and descendants between groups

Biology (9 decks)

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