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genetics Flashcards

1
Q

genetics

A

informationt hat shows genes that are passed down generations

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2
Q

somatic cell

A

body cells of plants and animals

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3
Q

chromosome

A

holds genes and its information

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4
Q

centromere

A

holds sister chromatids together

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5
Q

spindle fibers

A

helps sister chromatids move around, specifically move to opposite poles

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6
Q

centrosome

A

the things spindle fibres come out of

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7
Q

genome

A

complete dna sequence of an organism

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8
Q

sex chromosome

A

gender teller thing

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9
Q

autosome

A

the 1-22 pairs of chromosomes that represent traits

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10
Q

homologous chromosome

A

same sequence of genes as another

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11
Q

gene

A

part of a chromosome that contains traits, passable traits and DNA sequence

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12
Q

allele

A

part of a chromosome that contains dominant or recessive cells

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13
Q

karyotype

A

picture of stained chromosomes laid out to study gender and health

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14
Q

asexual reproduction

A

one parents making sisters (mitosis)

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15
Q

sexual reproduction

A

two parents and genetically distinct offspring (Meiosis)

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16
Q

gamete

A

cell with sperm and egg

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17
Q

zygote

A

cell formed by fusion of two gametes

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18
Q

fertilization

A

joining of male and female haploid gametes

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19
Q

haploid

A

cell that’s has half the # of chromosomes as parent cells

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20
Q

meiosis

A

produces cells containing half the # of chromosomes during prophase 1

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21
Q

diploid

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes

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22
Q

synapsis

A

aligning homologous chromosomes during prophase 1

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23
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of chromosomal segments between homogous

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24
Q

genetic reduction

A

produces daughter cells with half the # of the parent

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25
genetic recombination
products of meiosis have different combinations of alleles (crossing over)
26
fraternal
unidentical twins from different eggs
27
identical twins
split zygote in first few days
28
deletion
piece of chromosome is lost
29
duplication
section of chromosome appears 2 or more times
30
inversion
segment of DNA is flipped (No lost info)
31
translocation
fragments of DNA from two different non-homologous exchange
32
Non disjunction
failure of proper serperation
33
monosomy
too few (Single pair in the place of homologous pairs)
34
Trisomy
too many (3 homogenous in place of 1 homologous)
35
Trisomy 21
down syndrome (Extra chromosome)
36
Trisomy 18
Edward syndrome (Trisomy at 18th)
37
Trisomy 13
Patau Syndrome (extra 13th)
38
XXY
Kilnefelter (Cannot produce sperm)
39
XYY
Jacobs (Taller than average)
40
XXX
Triple X (Tall and thin, irregular menstrual)
41
XO
turner (Short, webbed neck, sexually underdeveloped)
42
Multiple Marker screen
Blood test and ultrasound
43
Amniocentesis
needle in uterus and extract amniotic fluid (Tests all trisomy and gender)
44
Chorionic Villi sampling (CVS)
Chorionic Villi Sampled for placenta test (Tests everything)
45
the split down the cell called
cleavage furrow
46
selective breeding
select which genes are favourable and reproduce them
47
artificial insemination
transfer semen into females reproductive tract
48
embryo transfer
fertilizing an egg artificially and then transferring it into recipient female. No need to transfer an entire animal, just need to transfer the egg
49
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
For women with blocked fallopian tubes, immatures are taken and combined with sperm in a lab. When became an embryo, its back in the womb. (test tube babies)
50
cloning
produces identical genes, cells or organisms
51
gene cloning
the use of dna manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of dna
52
recombinant dna
molecule of dna that includes genetic material from different sources
53
therapeutic cloning
produces genetically identical cells that are used to treat diseases. replaced egg cells nucleus with nucleus from somatic donor cell to produce a line of genetically identical cells.
54
reproductive cloning
producing genetically identical organims
55
zygote to embryo steps
zygote > dividing > mass of stem cells > embryo
56
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
genetic testing done before embryo is implanted
57
spermatogenesis
testicals, two divisions produce 4 spermatids that mature into sperm, starting at mitosis, after puberty then meiosis. 250k are produced per day
58
Oogenesis
ovaries, two divisions make 3 polar bodies where 2 die and one turns into an egg. Polar bodies die due to uneven cytoplasm
59
oocyte Is a
immature egg
60
mitosis happens when in the body
thogughout life
61
meiosis happens when int he body
after puberty
62
deletion is
a piece of chromosome is lost
63
duplication is
a section of chromosome that appears two or more times in a row
64
inversion is
a segment of DNA in a chromosome flips upside down
65
translocation is
fragments of DNA from two different (non-homologous) chromosomes exchange places
66
Non-disjunction
failure of proper separation during meiosis anaphase
67
monosomy is
single pair of chromosome in the place of homologous pair
68
trisomy is
3 homologous pairs in a place of homologous pair
69
what is a test cross
tests if a person is homologous or heterozygous for a dominant trait, to see if they are a carrier or not
70
Incomplete dominance
when neither alleles completely conceal each other
71
codominace is
when both alleles have equal roles
72
sex linked inheritance is
controlled by genes on either x or Y chromosome
73
multiple alleles is
many traits resulted int he interaction of more than two alleles for one gene ( the chinchilla and himayalyan one)
74
Polygenic Inheritence
characteristic influenced by two or more genes (Mixed babies)
75
gonads
organisms that produce egg or sperm
76
loci is the
section in chromatids that genes occur in
77
who showed chromosome and meiosis
Walter sutton\
78
what is sickle cell anemia
normal red blood cells look elongated and c shaped and stubble to transport oxygen leading to blockages
79
tetrad
a group of four sister chromatids (2 chromosomes)

Bio (12 decks)

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