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genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genetics

A

informationt hat shows genes that are passed down generations

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2
Q

somatic cell

A

body cells of plants and animals

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3
Q

chromosome

A

holds genes and its information

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4
Q

centromere

A

holds sister chromatids together

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5
Q

spindle fibers

A

helps sister chromatids move around, specifically move to opposite poles

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6
Q

centrosome

A

the things spindle fibres come out of

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7
Q

genome

A

complete dna sequence of an organism

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8
Q

sex chromosome

A

gender teller thing

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9
Q

autosome

A

the 1-22 pairs of chromosomes that represent traits

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10
Q

homologous chromosome

A

same sequence of genes as another

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11
Q

gene

A

part of a chromosome that contains traits, passable traits and DNA sequence

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12
Q

allele

A

part of a chromosome that contains dominant or recessive cells

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13
Q

karyotype

A

picture of stained chromosomes laid out to study gender and health

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14
Q

asexual reproduction

A

one parents making sisters (mitosis)

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15
Q

sexual reproduction

A

two parents and genetically distinct offspring (Meiosis)

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16
Q

gamete

A

cell with sperm and egg

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17
Q

zygote

A

cell formed by fusion of two gametes

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18
Q

fertilization

A

joining of male and female haploid gametes

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19
Q

haploid

A

cell that’s has half the # of chromosomes as parent cells

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20
Q

meiosis

A

produces cells containing half the # of chromosomes during prophase 1

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21
Q

diploid

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes

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22
Q

synapsis

A

aligning homologous chromosomes during prophase 1

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23
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of chromosomal segments between homogous

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24
Q

genetic reduction

A

produces daughter cells with half the # of the parent

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25
Q

genetic recombination

A

products of meiosis have different combinations of alleles (crossing over)

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26
Q

fraternal

A

unidentical twins from different eggs

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27
Q

identical twins

A

split zygote in first few days

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28
Q

deletion

A

piece of chromosome is lost

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29
Q

duplication

A

section of chromosome appears 2 or more times

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30
Q

inversion

A

segment of DNA is flipped (No lost info)

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31
Q

translocation

A

fragments of DNA from two different non-homologous exchange

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32
Q

Non disjunction

A

failure of proper serperation

33
Q

monosomy

A

too few (Single pair in the place of homologous pairs)

34
Q

Trisomy

A

too many (3 homogenous in place of 1 homologous)

35
Q

Trisomy 21

A

down syndrome (Extra chromosome)

36
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edward syndrome (Trisomy at 18th)

37
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau Syndrome (extra 13th)

38
Q

XXY

A

Kilnefelter (Cannot produce sperm)

39
Q

XYY

A

Jacobs (Taller than average)

40
Q

XXX

A

Triple X (Tall and thin, irregular menstrual)

41
Q

XO

A

turner (Short, webbed neck, sexually underdeveloped)

42
Q

Multiple Marker screen

A

Blood test and ultrasound

43
Q

Amniocentesis

A

needle in uterus and extract amniotic fluid (Tests all trisomy and gender)

44
Q

Chorionic Villi sampling (CVS)

A

Chorionic Villi Sampled for placenta test (Tests everything)

45
Q

the split down the cell called

A

cleavage furrow

46
Q

selective breeding

A

select which genes are favourable and reproduce them

47
Q

artificial insemination

A

transfer semen into females reproductive tract

48
Q

embryo transfer

A

fertilizing an egg artificially and then transferring it into recipient female. No need to transfer an entire animal, just need to transfer the egg

49
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

For women with blocked fallopian tubes, immatures are taken and combined with sperm in a lab. When became an embryo, its back in the womb. (test tube babies)

50
Q

cloning

A

produces identical genes, cells or organisms

51
Q

gene cloning

A

the use of dna manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of dna

52
Q

recombinant dna

A

molecule of dna that includes genetic material from different sources

53
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

produces genetically identical cells that are used to treat diseases. replaced egg cells nucleus with nucleus from somatic donor cell to produce a line of genetically identical cells.

54
Q

reproductive cloning

A

producing genetically identical organims

55
Q

zygote to embryo steps

A

zygote > dividing > mass of stem cells > embryo

56
Q

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

A

genetic testing done before embryo is implanted

57
Q

spermatogenesis

A

testicals, two divisions produce 4 spermatids that mature into sperm, starting at mitosis, after puberty then meiosis. 250k are produced per day

58
Q

Oogenesis

A

ovaries, two divisions make 3 polar bodies where 2 die and one turns into an egg. Polar bodies die due to uneven cytoplasm

59
Q

oocyte Is a

A

immature egg

60
Q

mitosis happens when in the body

A

thogughout life

61
Q

meiosis happens when int he body

A

after puberty

62
Q

deletion is

A

a piece of chromosome is lost

63
Q

duplication is

A

a section of chromosome that appears two or more times in a row

64
Q

inversion is

A

a segment of DNA in a chromosome flips upside down

65
Q

translocation is

A

fragments of DNA from two different (non-homologous) chromosomes exchange places

66
Q

Non-disjunction

A

failure of proper separation during meiosis anaphase

67
Q

monosomy is

A

single pair of chromosome in the place of homologous pair

68
Q

trisomy is

A

3 homologous pairs in a place of homologous pair

69
Q

what is a test cross

A

tests if a person is homologous or heterozygous for a dominant trait, to see if they are a carrier or not

70
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

when neither alleles completely conceal each other

71
Q

codominace is

A

when both alleles have equal roles

72
Q

sex linked inheritance is

A

controlled by genes on either x or Y chromosome

73
Q

multiple alleles is

A

many traits resulted int he interaction of more than two alleles for one gene ( the chinchilla and himayalyan one)

74
Q

Polygenic Inheritence

A

characteristic influenced by two or more genes (Mixed babies)

75
Q

gonads

A

organisms that produce egg or sperm

76
Q

loci is the

A

section in chromatids that genes occur in

77
Q

who showed chromosome and meiosis

A

Walter sutton\

78
Q

what is sickle cell anemia

A

normal red blood cells look elongated and c shaped and stubble to transport oxygen leading to blockages

79
Q

tetrad

A

a group of four sister chromatids (2 chromosomes)

Bio (7 decks)

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