Digestive System Flashcards
What are the three digestive processes
Physical, Chemical, Absorption
What is chemical digestion
Breakdown of smaller units for absorbable oracnutrients
What does breaking apart large particles into smaller units do
Increases surface area
What is sucrose broken down by
Sucrase
What is intracellular digestion
Food is broken down by enzymes inside the cell
What is extracellular digestion
Enzymes break down food then it is absorbed by cell
What happens in absorption
Micro molecules are absorbed out of digestive tract into blood then into cells
Most important stage of digestion is
Absorbtion
Where does digestion take place
Alimentary canal (digestive tract)
What does the upper alimentary canal contain
Mouth, esophagus and stomach
What does the lower alimentary canal contain
Small intestine, large intestine (colon), liver and pancreas (glands)
How many teeth do we have
32
What does chewing food do
Reduce size and increase surface area
What does the tongue do
Positions food and pushes it back. Also has tastebuds
What is saliva made out of
Mucous and amylase (breaks down starch)
What is the mixture of food and saliva called
Bolus
What are the three Salivary glands
Sublingual gland, Submandibular gland, Parotid Gland
What is the hard pallete
THR roof of the mouth where tounge lays against
Steps to swallowing
- position food in a way so it doesn’t fall out and it goes into throat
- tounge pushes food back, uvula flips up to close nasal cavity,
- Epiglottis closes over trachea (Larynx tips over eppliglotis) Bolus is now in esophagus
What is the connection between mouth and stomach
Pharynx
What is the esophagus lined with and what is it’s durability
Mucus, very flexible
What two muscles are in the esophagus
Circular and longitudinal
What is peristalsis
Movements down esophagus that involuntary happens
What is the G.I
Gastrointestinal tract
What are the three functions of the stomach
Food storage, churning, chemical digestion of protiens
What are sphincters
Thick ring of circular muscle that acts like a Valve
What goes on behind and infront of Bolus
Behind: circular muscles contact, longitudinal muscles relax
Infront: Circular muscles relax, longitudinal muscles contract
What is the two types of sphincters
Cardiac, Pyloric
Where is the cardiac sphincter
Junction of esophagus and stomach
What is Pyloric sphincter
Junction of stomach and small intestine
What are the three layers of muscle in a stomach
Longitudinal, Circulsr, diagonal (oblique)
How do the layers of stomach skin help with digestion
Churning
What is the stomach lining called
Rugae
What does rugae help the stomach do
Stretch and contract itself
How does gastric juices get made
The millions of cells on the stomach lining secreted several juices that help digestion
How is gastric juices released
Hormone gastrin is released when there is a presence of food that stimulates cells to release gastrin into blood to release gastric fluids
What is the gastric juices chemistry name
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
What does HCL do regarding pepsin
Coverts inactive pepsiogen into active pepsin
What does pepsin do
Digests protein in the stomach
What does pepsin do to chains in protiens
Breaks long amino acid chains in protein into shorter chains called polypeptides
What is chyme
Gastric juices and partially digested food
Where does most digestion occur
Lower alimentary canal (small intestine)
Small intestine measurements
7 m long 2.5cm wide
What is the small intestines majour function
Absorb micro molecules into circulatory system
What is the three parts of small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum
What is duodenum
After stomach, the first 30 cm where most digestion happens
What is the Jejunum
2.5m long where digestion continues
What is the ileum
3m Long where most absorption occurs
What is found on the surface area of small intestine
Villi and micro villi
How much does villi increase the surface area by
10 times
How much does microvilli increase surface area by
20 times
What is the singular term for villi
Villus
How does villi pick up nutrients
The capillary network inside blood by diffusion
What is a lacteal
Found inside a villus like a bone, it absorbs fat from lumen (the hole) of small intestine connecting to lymph system
what hormone does chyme release
he chyme causes hormone secretin enter blood from small intestine and circulate pancreas
What does the presence of chyme release
Hormone secretin into the blood
What is secretin
Hormone that stimulates pancreas to produce and secrete pancreas juices that break down lipids protiens and carbs
What do pancreatic juices break down
Lipids, protiens and carbs
What acid does pancreatic juices contain
HCL3 (bicarbonate)
What is the role of bio carbonate ions
Neutralizes HCL from stomach to protect the duodenum
Creates conditions where enzymes in pancreatic juices work the best
What is the pH of chyme before and after release of HCL3
Before = 1
After= 8
What digests protein in the small intestine
Trypsin
How does trypsin work in the small intestine
Inactive tryspinogen released from pancreas, when reached the small intestine, enterkinase enzyme converts tryspinogen into tryspin
What enzyme converts trypsinogen into tryspin
Enterokinase
How does tryspin break down
The protease acts on partially digested protiens (breaks down long chained peptides into protiens). The erepsins released from pancreas to complete protein digestion to break bonds between short chain peptides and releases individual amino acids.
How do carbs break down in small intestine
Pancreas releases amylase enzymes and continue digestion that began in the mouth. Carbs break into disaccharides and the small intestine releases that. (Completes digestion of carbs)
What is disaccharide a mix of
Maltese, lactase and sucrase (2 ring sugar molecules)
How are lipids digested in the stomach
Lipases are relaxed from pancreas to break down fats
What are the two types of lipase
Pancreatic lipase (most common): breaks fat into fatty acids
Phospholipase acts on phospholipids
What is the largest glandular in the body
Liver
What is the colour of a liver
Brown
What is the liver divided into
Four lobes of unequal size and shape
Where does the liver sit
Right side of abdominal cavity beneath diaphragm
What is the function of the liver
Produces bile thar has bile salts that speeds up fat digestion
Is bile salts physical or chemical digestion
Physical
How much bile does a human create per day
500mL
Where is bike stored when stomach is empty
Gallbladder
What is the gallbladder and size
Approximately 7-10cm long and 2-3cm wife, stores and concentrates Bile
What is cholecystokinin (CCK)
Hormone released when fat enter duodenum and stimulates it release. It’s carried by bloodstream to gallbladder. CCK releases bile salts from gallbladder
What is the pancreas
Gland that lies OM first loop of small intestine, 20 cm long
Wha it’s the function of the pancreas
Regulates blood sugar by lowering blood sugar with insulin and raising it using glucagon
It also produces pancreatic juices
What enzymes does the pancreatic juices have
Amaylase, tryspin, lipase, erepsin, bicarbonate
What are digestive enzymes
Protects that change shape and structure due to high temperatures or pH
What does denatured mean
Protein properties change and is no longer sctive
What factors effect enzymes
Temperature and pH
What happens to enzymes and temperature increases
Energy is added and enzyme activity is increased
Best pH ranges for pepsin
Low
Best pan for amylase
neutral
Best pan for tryspin
Basic
Where does good go after duodenum into jeujenum
Ileum
What happens in ileum
Simp,s sugars and animal acids mice across villi into blood capillaries then into liver to remove access. Storied fatty acids and glycerol passes into intestine cells where they turn into trigcerides
What takes in triglycerides
Lacteals inside villi then bypasses liver
3 parts of large intestine
Ascending, transverse, decending
What happens in large intestine
Chemical digestion is completed and the. Olson best store wastes enough to absorb water out of waste. Inorganic salts minerals and vitamins absorbed into cells and transported to blood
What is osmosis
Water fills up anything with higher concentration
Formal word for shitting
Egestion
How does feces help the body
Has bacteria that contains vitamin K that clots blood
Where are feces storef
Rectum
What is appendix
No function, maybe used in passed. Plant eating animals have it to absorb cellulose
What is appendicitis
Bacteria logged with food causing it to become infected and painful
What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Group of diseases causing implantation and can only be treated with a special diet and medication
Two types of IBD
Crohns and ulcerative
What is crohns
Affects alimentary channel and the person doesn’t grow properly during puberty
What is ulcerative colitis
Attacks colon and bloody shut happens. Cramping and abdominal pain. Severe cases affected part is removed and creates a new poop hole
What is hepatitis
Inflammation of liver
Hepatitis A comes from
Contaminated water
Hepatitis B comes from
Sex but there is a vaccine
Hepatitis C comes from
Infected blood, no vaccine
What is cirrhosis
Scar issue replaced healthy issue and prevents liver to function. It can heal but not fast enough to prevent liver failure
What is cirrhosis caused by
Alcohol and hepatitis C
Early signs of cirrhosis
Blood tests and fatty livef
What is diabesties
Body cannot absorb glucose to produce energy for muscles and tissues. Insulin should be released from pancreas after person has eaten
Three types of diabesties
Type 1 type 2 gestational
Type one diabesties is
Islulin production cells are destoryed by immune system. Common in kids
Type two diabesties is
Not enough insulin production or when insulin isn’t used properly. Around 40yo
What is Gestational diabesties
Mommy
Treatment for diabesties
Metformin, human made insulin or used to use insulin from pigs and cattle
What is peptic ulcer
Sore lining of stomach (duodenum where HCL and pepsin is found) stomach tissues are weak and bacteria starts to life here. Antibiotics relieves pain
Costipation
3 bowel movement per week, mucle and nerves are weak, laxatives help
Gallstone
Small hard masses in liver that are made form chokestoral crystals. Cured by medicine and ultrasound waves
Endoscope is what and what is it used for
Camera that goes into oral cavity into alimaey canal to visualize it. Used to diagnose and treat ulcer and Tumors
What’s re the two types of molecules
Macro and micro molecules
What are the four macro molecules
Carbs, lipids, protiens, nucleic acid
Why are Macro molecules essential
Molecules that the body cannot produce, must consume and fuels metabolism
What are carbs
Energy molecules, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, (1:2:1 C:H:O)
What are carbs molecule structure
Signal molecule structure (monosaccrides) or chains with many sugar molecules (polysaccharides)
What three things does carbs come from
Sugar, starch, fibre
Glucose elemental pattern
C6H12C6
What are lipids
Fatty stuff, hydrophobic
What are protiens
Amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
How many a uno acids in a body
20, 9 essential that the body cannot produce
What is nucelic acid
DNA or RNA made of nucleotides
What is hydrolysis
Chemical react jin where water breaks macro molecules into micro molecules
What are enzymes
Returns that help speed up process of digestion and reactions
What do carbs digest into
Monosaccharides
What do lipids digest into
Glycerol and fatty acids
What do protiens digest into
Amino acids
What do nucleic acids digest into
Nucleotides
What are minreals
Inorganic substances that made chemical reactions and help with tissue development and immunity
What are vitamins
Aid in proper metabolic function. Must be consumed
How much water is there in the body
2/3
What does water do
Transport nutrients, flushes toxins, lubricator, form body fluids, sweat to regulate temperature, eliminate waste
where do carbs digest
mouth and small intestines
what carbs digest in mouth
polysaccharides, salivary amylase, disaccharides
what carbs digest in small intestine
polysaccharides and disaccharides turn into pancreatic amylase, sucrose, maltose, lactase then turn into monosaccharides
where are protiens digested
stomach and small intestine
how is protein digested in stomach
protiens turn into pepsin that turn into polypeptides
how do protiens digest in small intestine
smaller peptides into tryspin turn into peptides turn into peptidases turn into amino acids
where is fat and nucleic acid digested
small intestine
how is fat digested in small intestine
fat droplets turn into bile then turn emulsified then turn into lipases then turn into glycerol and fatty acids
how is mycelia acid digested in small intestine
DNA and RNA turn into nucleases then neucleotides then nucleosidases then nitrogen containing base, sugar and phosphates
what does salivary amalayze digest and turns into
starch and glycogen turning into maltose
what does pancreatic amalase digest
starch and glycogen turning into maltose
what does sucrose digest into
glucose fructose
