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Digestive System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three digestive processes

A

Physical, Chemical, Absorption

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2
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Breakdown of smaller units for absorbable oracnutrients

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3
Q

What does breaking apart large particles into smaller units do

A

Increases surface area

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4
Q

What is sucrose broken down by

A

Sucrase

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5
Q

What is intracellular digestion

A

Food is broken down by enzymes inside the cell

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6
Q

What is extracellular digestion

A

Enzymes break down food then it is absorbed by cell

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7
Q

What happens in absorption

A

Micro molecules are absorbed out of digestive tract into blood then into cells

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8
Q

Most important stage of digestion is

A

Absorbtion

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9
Q

Where does digestion take place

A

Alimentary canal (digestive tract)

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10
Q

What does the upper alimentary canal contain

A

Mouth, esophagus and stomach

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11
Q

What does the lower alimentary canal contain

A

Small intestine, large intestine (colon), liver and pancreas (glands)

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12
Q

How many teeth do we have

A

32

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13
Q

What does chewing food do

A

Reduce size and increase surface area

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14
Q

What does the tongue do

A

Positions food and pushes it back. Also has tastebuds

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15
Q

What is saliva made out of

A

Mucous and amylase (breaks down starch)

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16
Q

What is the mixture of food and saliva called

A

Bolus

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17
Q

What are the three Salivary glands

A

Sublingual gland, Submandibular gland, Parotid Gland

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18
Q

What is the hard pallete

A

THR roof of the mouth where tounge lays against

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19
Q

Steps to swallowing

A
  1. position food in a way so it doesn’t fall out and it goes into throat
  2. tounge pushes food back, uvula flips up to close nasal cavity,
  3. Epiglottis closes over trachea (Larynx tips over eppliglotis) Bolus is now in esophagus
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20
Q

What is the connection between mouth and stomach

A

Pharynx

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21
Q

What is the esophagus lined with and what is it’s durability

A

Mucus, very flexible

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22
Q

What two muscles are in the esophagus

A

Circular and longitudinal

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23
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Movements down esophagus that involuntary happens

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24
Q

What is the G.I

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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25
Q

What are the three functions of the stomach

A

Food storage, churning, chemical digestion of protiens

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26
Q

What are sphincters

A

Thick ring of circular muscle that acts like a Valve

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27
Q

What goes on behind and infront of Bolus

A

Behind: circular muscles contact, longitudinal muscles relax
Infront: Circular muscles relax, longitudinal muscles contract

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28
Q

What is the two types of sphincters

A

Cardiac, Pyloric

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29
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter

A

Junction of esophagus and stomach

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30
Q

What is Pyloric sphincter

A

Junction of stomach and small intestine

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31
Q

What are the three layers of muscle in a stomach

A

Longitudinal, Circulsr, diagonal (oblique)

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32
Q

How do the layers of stomach skin help with digestion

A

Churning

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33
Q

What is the stomach lining called

A

Rugae

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34
Q

What does rugae help the stomach do

A

Stretch and contract itself

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35
Q

How does gastric juices get made

A

The millions of cells on the stomach lining secreted several juices that help digestion

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36
Q

How is gastric juices released

A

Hormone gastrin is released when there is a presence of food that stimulates cells to release gastrin into blood to release gastric fluids

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37
Q

What is the gastric juices chemistry name

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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38
Q

What does HCL do regarding pepsin

A

Coverts inactive pepsiogen into active pepsin

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39
Q

What does pepsin do

A

Digests protein in the stomach

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40
Q

What does pepsin do to chains in protiens

A

Breaks long amino acid chains in protein into shorter chains called polypeptides

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41
Q

What is chyme

A

Gastric juices and partially digested food

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42
Q

Where does most digestion occur

A

Lower alimentary canal (small intestine)

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43
Q

Small intestine measurements

A

7 m long 2.5cm wide

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44
Q

What is the small intestines majour function

A

Absorb micro molecules into circulatory system

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45
Q

What is the three parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum

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46
Q

What is duodenum

A

After stomach, the first 30 cm where most digestion happens

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47
Q

What is the Jejunum

A

2.5m long where digestion continues

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48
Q

What is the ileum

A

3m Long where most absorption occurs

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49
Q

What is found on the surface area of small intestine

A

Villi and micro villi

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50
Q

How much does villi increase the surface area by

A

10 times

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51
Q

How much does microvilli increase surface area by

A

20 times

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52
Q

What is the singular term for villi

A

Villus

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53
Q

How does villi pick up nutrients

A

The capillary network inside blood by diffusion

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54
Q

What is a lacteal

A

Found inside a villus like a bone, it absorbs fat from lumen (the hole) of small intestine connecting to lymph system

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55
Q

what hormone does chyme release

A

he chyme causes hormone secretin enter blood from small intestine and circulate pancreas

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56
Q

What does the presence of chyme release

A

Hormone secretin into the blood

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57
Q

What is secretin

A

Hormone that stimulates pancreas to produce and secrete pancreas juices that break down lipids protiens and carbs

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58
Q

What do pancreatic juices break down

A

Lipids, protiens and carbs

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59
Q

What acid does pancreatic juices contain

A

HCL3 (bicarbonate)

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60
Q

What is the role of bio carbonate ions

A

Neutralizes HCL from stomach to protect the duodenum
Creates conditions where enzymes in pancreatic juices work the best

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61
Q

What is the pH of chyme before and after release of HCL3

A

Before = 1
After= 8

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62
Q

What digests protein in the small intestine

A

Trypsin

63
Q

How does trypsin work in the small intestine

A

Inactive tryspinogen released from pancreas, when reached the small intestine, enterkinase enzyme converts tryspinogen into tryspin

64
Q

What enzyme converts trypsinogen into tryspin

A

Enterokinase

65
Q

How does tryspin break down

A

The protease acts on partially digested protiens (breaks down long chained peptides into protiens). The erepsins released from pancreas to complete protein digestion to break bonds between short chain peptides and releases individual amino acids.

66
Q

How do carbs break down in small intestine

A

Pancreas releases amylase enzymes and continue digestion that began in the mouth. Carbs break into disaccharides and the small intestine releases that. (Completes digestion of carbs)

67
Q

What is disaccharide a mix of

A

Maltese, lactase and sucrase (2 ring sugar molecules)

68
Q

How are lipids digested in the stomach

A

Lipases are relaxed from pancreas to break down fats

69
Q

What are the two types of lipase

A

Pancreatic lipase (most common): breaks fat into fatty acids
Phospholipase acts on phospholipids

70
Q

What is the largest glandular in the body

A

Liver

71
Q

What is the colour of a liver

A

Brown

72
Q

What is the liver divided into

A

Four lobes of unequal size and shape

73
Q

Where does the liver sit

A

Right side of abdominal cavity beneath diaphragm

74
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

Produces bile thar has bile salts that speeds up fat digestion

75
Q

Is bile salts physical or chemical digestion

A

Physical

76
Q

How much bile does a human create per day

A

500mL

77
Q

Where is bike stored when stomach is empty

A

Gallbladder

78
Q

What is the gallbladder and size

A

Approximately 7-10cm long and 2-3cm wife, stores and concentrates Bile

79
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Hormone released when fat enter duodenum and stimulates it release. It’s carried by bloodstream to gallbladder. CCK releases bile salts from gallbladder

80
Q

What is the pancreas

A

Gland that lies OM first loop of small intestine, 20 cm long

81
Q

Wha it’s the function of the pancreas

A

Regulates blood sugar by lowering blood sugar with insulin and raising it using glucagon
It also produces pancreatic juices

82
Q

What enzymes does the pancreatic juices have

A

Amaylase, tryspin, lipase, erepsin, bicarbonate

83
Q

What are digestive enzymes

A

Protects that change shape and structure due to high temperatures or pH

84
Q

What does denatured mean

A

Protein properties change and is no longer sctive

85
Q

What factors effect enzymes

A

Temperature and pH

86
Q

What happens to enzymes and temperature increases

A

Energy is added and enzyme activity is increased

87
Q

Best pH ranges for pepsin

A

Low

88
Q

Best pan for amylase

A

neutral

89
Q

Best pan for tryspin

A

Basic

90
Q

Where does good go after duodenum into jeujenum

A

Ileum

91
Q

What happens in ileum

A

Simp,s sugars and animal acids mice across villi into blood capillaries then into liver to remove access. Storied fatty acids and glycerol passes into intestine cells where they turn into trigcerides

92
Q

What takes in triglycerides

A

Lacteals inside villi then bypasses liver

93
Q

3 parts of large intestine

A

Ascending, transverse, decending

94
Q

What happens in large intestine

A

Chemical digestion is completed and the. Olson best store wastes enough to absorb water out of waste. Inorganic salts minerals and vitamins absorbed into cells and transported to blood

95
Q

What is osmosis

A

Water fills up anything with higher concentration

96
Q

Formal word for shitting

A

Egestion

97
Q

How does feces help the body

A

Has bacteria that contains vitamin K that clots blood

98
Q

Where are feces storef

A

Rectum

99
Q

What is appendix

A

No function, maybe used in passed. Plant eating animals have it to absorb cellulose

100
Q

What is appendicitis

A

Bacteria logged with food causing it to become infected and painful

101
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

Group of diseases causing implantation and can only be treated with a special diet and medication

102
Q

Two types of IBD

A

Crohns and ulcerative

103
Q

What is crohns

A

Affects alimentary channel and the person doesn’t grow properly during puberty

104
Q

What is ulcerative colitis

A

Attacks colon and bloody shut happens. Cramping and abdominal pain. Severe cases affected part is removed and creates a new poop hole

105
Q

What is hepatitis

A

Inflammation of liver

106
Q

Hepatitis A comes from

A

Contaminated water

107
Q

Hepatitis B comes from

A

Sex but there is a vaccine

108
Q

Hepatitis C comes from

A

Infected blood, no vaccine

109
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

Scar issue replaced healthy issue and prevents liver to function. It can heal but not fast enough to prevent liver failure

110
Q

What is cirrhosis caused by

A

Alcohol and hepatitis C

111
Q

Early signs of cirrhosis

A

Blood tests and fatty livef

112
Q

What is diabesties

A

Body cannot absorb glucose to produce energy for muscles and tissues. Insulin should be released from pancreas after person has eaten

113
Q

Three types of diabesties

A

Type 1 type 2 gestational

114
Q

Type one diabesties is

A

Islulin production cells are destoryed by immune system. Common in kids

115
Q

Type two diabesties is

A

Not enough insulin production or when insulin isn’t used properly. Around 40yo

116
Q

What is Gestational diabesties

A

Mommy

117
Q

Treatment for diabesties

A

Metformin, human made insulin or used to use insulin from pigs and cattle

118
Q

What is peptic ulcer

A

Sore lining of stomach (duodenum where HCL and pepsin is found) stomach tissues are weak and bacteria starts to life here. Antibiotics relieves pain

119
Q

Costipation

A

3 bowel movement per week, mucle and nerves are weak, laxatives help

120
Q

Gallstone

A

Small hard masses in liver that are made form chokestoral crystals. Cured by medicine and ultrasound waves

121
Q

Endoscope is what and what is it used for

A

Camera that goes into oral cavity into alimaey canal to visualize it. Used to diagnose and treat ulcer and Tumors

122
Q

What’s re the two types of molecules

A

Macro and micro molecules

123
Q

What are the four macro molecules

A

Carbs, lipids, protiens, nucleic acid

124
Q

Why are Macro molecules essential

A

Molecules that the body cannot produce, must consume and fuels metabolism

125
Q

What are carbs

A

Energy molecules, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, (1:2:1 C:H:O)

126
Q

What are carbs molecule structure

A

Signal molecule structure (monosaccrides) or chains with many sugar molecules (polysaccharides)

127
Q

What three things does carbs come from

A

Sugar, starch, fibre

128
Q

Glucose elemental pattern

A

C6H12C6

129
Q

What are lipids

A

Fatty stuff, hydrophobic

130
Q

What are protiens

A

Amino acids bonded by peptide bonds

131
Q

How many a uno acids in a body

A

20, 9 essential that the body cannot produce

132
Q

What is nucelic acid

A

DNA or RNA made of nucleotides

133
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Chemical react jin where water breaks macro molecules into micro molecules

134
Q

What are enzymes

A

Returns that help speed up process of digestion and reactions

135
Q

What do carbs digest into

A

Monosaccharides

136
Q

What do lipids digest into

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

137
Q

What do protiens digest into

A

Amino acids

138
Q

What do nucleic acids digest into

A

Nucleotides

139
Q

What are minreals

A

Inorganic substances that made chemical reactions and help with tissue development and immunity

140
Q

What are vitamins

A

Aid in proper metabolic function. Must be consumed

141
Q

How much water is there in the body

A

2/3

142
Q

What does water do

A

Transport nutrients, flushes toxins, lubricator, form body fluids, sweat to regulate temperature, eliminate waste

143
Q

where do carbs digest

A

mouth and small intestines

144
Q

what carbs digest in mouth

A

polysaccharides, salivary amylase, disaccharides

145
Q

what carbs digest in small intestine

A

polysaccharides and disaccharides turn into pancreatic amylase, sucrose, maltose, lactase then turn into monosaccharides

146
Q

where are protiens digested

A

stomach and small intestine

147
Q

how is protein digested in stomach

A

protiens turn into pepsin that turn into polypeptides

148
Q

how do protiens digest in small intestine

A

smaller peptides into tryspin turn into peptides turn into peptidases turn into amino acids

149
Q

where is fat and nucleic acid digested

A

small intestine

150
Q

how is fat digested in small intestine

A

fat droplets turn into bile then turn emulsified then turn into lipases then turn into glycerol and fatty acids

151
Q

how is mycelia acid digested in small intestine

A

DNA and RNA turn into nucleases then neucleotides then nucleosidases then nitrogen containing base, sugar and phosphates

152
Q

what does salivary amalayze digest and turns into

A

starch and glycogen turning into maltose

153
Q

what does pancreatic amalase digest

A

starch and glycogen turning into maltose

154
Q

what does sucrose digest into

A

glucose fructose

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