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evolution test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a gene pool

A

all genes or alleles in a population

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2
Q

what is macro evolution

A

Evolution on a grand scale (2 million or so). Either from a common ansestor or a species that split.

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3
Q

What is micro Evolution

A

Evolution in a small population. Change in gene frequencies in a population. May accumulate and form a new species.

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4
Q

what is frequency

A

percentage of any specific allele in a gene pool

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5
Q

what is genetic equilibrium

A

allele frequency remains the same over generations in a stable condition

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6
Q

if frequency of allele changes

A

micro evolution occurs

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7
Q

what are the 5 factors that change frequencies

A

mutation, gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection

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8
Q

how does mutation change frequencies

A

it provides new alleles and variation required for evolution.

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9
Q

What is beneficial Mutation and is it caused by natural selection

A

It is caused by chance, not natural selection.

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10
Q

What is neutral mutation

A

doesn’t affect fitness of survivability. Usually silent or non coding dna (junk dna)

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11
Q

what is harmful mutation

A

the environment selects against the allele, therefore resulting from the alleles to actually survive rare

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12
Q

What is the most common type of mutation

A

Harmful mutation

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13
Q

What is gene flow

A

the net movement of alleles from one population to another (Migration)

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14
Q

What are the benefits of gene flow

A

may add new alleles and increase genetic diversity that may help with survival

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15
Q

What is non random mating

A

individuals select mates hard on phenotypes or inbreeding

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16
Q

what are preferred phenotypes

A

to choose your mate though behaviour or beauty. It prevents unwanted alleles to reproduce

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17
Q

what is inbreeding

A

to breed with an individual with homologous phenotypes. Recessive abnormalities are increased

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18
Q

what are examples of inbreeding

A

self fertilization of flowers or purebred dogs.

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19
Q

If there are more homologous genotypes,

A

more harmful recessive alleles are more likely to be visible

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20
Q

what are some recessive abnormalities that come with inbreeding

A

deformities, infertile, health problems, early death

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21
Q

what is genetic drift

A

change in frequencies of allies in a small populationdue to chance events in breeding population

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22
Q

What does a smaller or greater population determine in genetic drift

A

smaller population, less chance, greater population, more chance,

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23
Q

what is the founder effect

A

when a few individuals leave a oooulation to create a new one (colonization). alleles that are found in this new population is by chance. Only a fraction of total genetic diversity of the actual population is shown.

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24
Q

What is the bottle neck effect

A

when a natural disaster occurs. Only some individuals survive, and repopulate. Some varitations are completely wiped out while some still survive. (Non selective) THE SURVIVING POPULATION DOES NOT REPRESENT THE OG POPULATION

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25
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

favours average phenotype in a population (baby birth weights)

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26
Q

What is directional selection

A

extreme phenotypes have greater fitness than average (peppered moths)

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27
Q

What is disruptive Selection

A

when either extreme variation has higher fitness. (the fishes)

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28
Q

What is an immediate phenotype

A

The average phenotype of a population

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29
Q

what does disruptive selection result in

A

split gene pool or new species

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30
Q

what is sexual selection

A

to have competition to get the ladies. Partners select, not environment. Favourable traits exist.

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31
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

keeps differences between females and males species

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32
Q

Sexual selection disadvantages

A

powerful enough to produce features that are too strong, making it harmful to environment. (Bright neon coloured bird)

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33
Q

What is sexual dimorphism

A

striking difference in phenotypes between a male and female (male lions and female lions)

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34
Q

What is balanced polymorphism

A

Selection favours two or more alleles for same trait steadily generation after generation.

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35
Q

How does balanced polymorphism occur

A

When environment favours heterozygous traits over homozygous traits

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36
Q

who developed the classification system for plants and animals based on anatomy and physilogily

A

John ray

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37
Q

who said that there is an evolutionary connection between species int he same group

A

carlous linnaeus

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38
Q

who is Buffon

A

studied bio geology and anatomy and said life forms changing, and have common ancestors

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39
Q

palaeontology is the study of what

A

fossils

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40
Q

who developed science of palaeontology

A

Georges Cuvier

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41
Q

what was Georges cuviers law

A

each layer of rock is characterized by a unique group, deeper the layer the more dissimilar. Species reappear and disappear

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42
Q

what is catastrophism

A

natural disasters destroy species in an area and is rehabtated by neighbouring species to repopulated it

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43
Q

what did Charles Lyell say

A

geologic changes are slow an continuous and no natural disasters ever happened

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44
Q

who rejected catastrophism

A

Charles Lyell

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45
Q

what’s uniformitarianism

A

geologic changes are slow and continuous, there was never any natural disasters

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46
Q

who declared uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell

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47
Q

who’s theory is inheritance acquired traits

A

Lamark’s

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48
Q

what did Lamark declare

A

characteristics acquired during lifetime can be passed down to offspring

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49
Q

what did malthus linnausdeclare

A

populations multiply faster than food supply

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50
Q

what did Charles Darwin declare

A

life has changed and will continue to change and variation was the key to understanding species

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51
Q

Who made the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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52
Q

what did Alfred Russel Wallace declare

A

people with traits that helped them survive local environments will survive and pass down those traits

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53
Q

who did Wallace partner with

A

darwin

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54
Q

who declared natural selection

A

darwin

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55
Q

who was origin of species made by

A

Darwin

56
Q

what word was it that was never used in origin of species and what was used instead

A

evolution wasn’t used, decent of modification was.

57
Q

why did darwin never use evolution in his book

A

because evolution is not linear, it is always going forward or backward

58
Q

Aristotle made what

A

the chain of great being

59
Q

different types of adaptions

A

structural, behavioural, physiological

60
Q

what is a structural adaption

A

physical features that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment (Webbed feet, beak shape etc)

61
Q

wha is behavioural adaption

A

actions or responses by an organism that helps it to survive and reproduce in its environment. It is either instinct or learnt (diet,migration,hibernation

62
Q

what is physiological adaption

A

internal processes that help animal maintain homeostasis. Internal responses are done due to a reaction too omething on the outside (shivering, venom production, scent glands)

63
Q

how do adaptions develop?

A

environmental conditions determine if its positive or negative

64
Q

what is used to treat rapid reproduction

A

antibiotic drug

65
Q

what thing causes diversity

A

mutations

66
Q

what is artificial selection

A

press by humans to improve or modify traits (selective breeding)

67
Q

what are the consequences of artificial selection

A

low genetic diversity, negatively effect other traits

68
Q

what is embryology

A

similar looks before they are born, may have similar ancestors

69
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

similar bone structure tell us similar ancestors

70
Q

what is homologous structures

A

same anatomy different use

71
Q

what is analogous structure

A

different anatomy but similar function

72
Q

what is vestigial structure

A

structures that we no longer use

73
Q

what is molecular biolog

A

similar DNA and amino acids

74
Q

what is speciation

A

the formation of new species from existing species

75
Q

what is speciation also called

A

macro evolution

76
Q

what is a isolation mechanism

A

to isolate a species from becomingtwo different ones if little or no gene flow

77
Q

what are the two different isolation mechanisms

A

pre-zygotic and post-zygotic

78
Q

what are the five pre zygotic mechanisms

A

habitat, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gamete

79
Q

what is habitat isolation

A

two species live in the same area but different habitats

80
Q

what is temporal isolation

A

different timings, such as seasons, day n night etc

81
Q

what is behavioural isolation

A

species with specific behaviours needed to breed (singing, dancing, phermones)

82
Q

what is mechanical isolation

A

anatomy doesn’t match with each other to fuck

83
Q

gamete isolation

A

sperm never meet w the egg (Pollen never goes up the stigma)

84
Q

what are the three post zygotic isolation

A

zygote mortality, hybrid infertility, hybrid inviability

85
Q

what is zygote mortality

A

stops development of zygote midway but doesn’t survive

86
Q

what is hybrid infertility

A

two species mate but the hybrid is sterile

87
Q

what is hybrid inviability

A

first generation hybrid become fertile but the second gen has reduced fitness

88
Q

what are the two types of speciation

A

allopatric and sympatric

89
Q

what is allopatric speciation

A

geographical speculation (river splitting thing), they cannot breed together eventually after they diverge

90
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

species in the same geographical areas diverge and become reproductively isolated. Polyploidy: 4n cannot breed with 2n

91
Q

what is adaptive raditation

A

form of allopatric speciation, diversity of common ancestral species into a variety

92
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

once similar to ancestor, they become distinct or divergent. They adapt to different environmental conditions, resulting in new species

93
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

two unrelated species occupy similar enviprment and share similar traits (birds and bee wings come from diff ancestors)

94
Q

what is the gradualism hypothesis

A

evolution occurs at a slow and steady state. Not really supported by fossils because it rarely shows gradual transition, they just appear and disappear suddenly

95
Q

what is the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis.

A

the evolutionary history consists of long periods of statistics or balance that is interrupted by periods of being diverged. Supported by fossil evidence. Most species undergo morphological change when they first diverge, then change a little bit.

96
Q

what are digestive enzymes

A

protiens that change shape and structure due to high temperatures

97
Q

what is denatured

A

when proteins properties change and is no longer active

98
Q

what factors effect enzymes

A

temperature and pH

99
Q

as temperature increases what happens to enzymes

A

energy is added and enzyme activity is increased

100
Q

what pH range does pepsin work best in

A

low pH

101
Q

what does amylase work best pH with

A

neutral

102
Q

what pH does triston work best in

A

basic pH

103
Q

where does food go after the duodenum to jejunum

A

ileum

104
Q

where does most absorption happen

A

ileum

105
Q

what happens in ileum

A

simple sugars and amino acids move across villi into blood capillaries then into liver then remove acesss. Any stored fatty acids and glycerol pass into intestine cells where they turn into triglycerides

106
Q

what takes in triglycerides

A

lacteals (inside villi) then bypasses liver

107
Q

what are the 3 parts of large intestine

A

ascending, transverse, descending

108
Q

what happens in the large intestine

A

chemical digestion is completed and the colon best store wastes enough to absorb water out the waste. Inorganic salts minerals and vitamins aborbed into cells and transported to blood

109
Q

what is osmosis

A

where water fills up anything with higher starch concentration

110
Q

what is the process of elimination out the anus called

A

egestion

111
Q

what does feces have that helps the body

A

vitamin k providing bacteria (blood clotting and bones)

112
Q

where are feces stored

A

rectum

113
Q

what is the appendix

A

no function, might’ve had a role in the past, plant eating animals may use it to digest cellulose

114
Q

what is appendicitis

A

infection of appendix, bacteria gets logged with food causing it to become painful. Vomiting, pain, costipstion, diarrhea and surgery is needed

115
Q

what is Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

group of diseases causing implantation, and can only be treated by special diet and medication

116
Q

what is crohn’s disease

A
  • affects alimentary canal and the persondoesn’t grow properly during puberty
117
Q

what is ulcerative colitis

A

attacks colon and have bloody shit, cramping and abdominal pain. In severe cases affected part is removed and creates new external opening for waste

118
Q

what is hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver

119
Q

what is hepatitis A

A

contaminated water is drunk

120
Q

what is hepatitis B

A

sex but there is a vaccine

121
Q

what is hepatitis C

A

infected blood, no vaccine

122
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and prevents liver to function

123
Q

what is cirrhosis caused by

A

alcohol and hepatitis C

124
Q

early signs of cirrhosis

A

blood tests reconize fatty liver

125
Q

can cirrhosis heal?

A

it’s chronic. It can heal but most likely won’t heal fast enough to avoid liver failure. Transplant is needed

126
Q

what is diabetes

A

body cannot use glucose to provide for energy for muscles and tissues. The pancreas usually releases insulin after person has eaten

127
Q

what is insulin

A

allows glucose from food to enter body cells. Diabetes lowers insulin

128
Q

what does the drop of glucose result in

A

release of insulin dropping

129
Q

theee types of diabetes

A

type 1, type 2, Gestational

130
Q

What is type one diabetics

A

insulin production cells are destroyed by immune system. Common in kids

131
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

not enough insulin production or when insulin isn’t used properly. Happens over age 40

132
Q

what is gestational diabetes

A

when pregnant and ends at birth, type two comes 10 years later. Result of pregnancy hormones and uneven insulin production.

133
Q

what is the treatment for diabesties

A

metformin, insulin from pigs or cattle (not effective), genetically engendered insulin plasmids

134
Q

what is peptic ulcer

A

sore lining of stomach (duodenum where HCL and pepsin are found). Stomach issues are weak and Bacteria starts to life there. Stomach pain and antibiotics reduces acidity

135
Q

what is constapation

A

3 bowel movements per week, small dry and hard, lack of muscle function. Laxatives help

136
Q

what is gallstone

A

small hard masses in liver. Cholesterol in bile form crystals. Cure is medicine and ultrasound waves

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