evolution test Flashcards
what is a gene pool
all genes or alleles in a population
what is macro evolution
Evolution on a grand scale (2 million or so). Either from a common ansestor or a species that split.
What is micro Evolution
Evolution in a small population. Change in gene frequencies in a population. May accumulate and form a new species.
what is frequency
percentage of any specific allele in a gene pool
what is genetic equilibrium
allele frequency remains the same over generations in a stable condition
if frequency of allele changes
micro evolution occurs
what are the 5 factors that change frequencies
mutation, gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection
how does mutation change frequencies
it provides new alleles and variation required for evolution.
What is beneficial Mutation and is it caused by natural selection
It is caused by chance, not natural selection.
What is neutral mutation
doesn’t affect fitness of survivability. Usually silent or non coding dna (junk dna)
what is harmful mutation
the environment selects against the allele, therefore resulting from the alleles to actually survive rare
What is the most common type of mutation
Harmful mutation
What is gene flow
the net movement of alleles from one population to another (Migration)
What are the benefits of gene flow
may add new alleles and increase genetic diversity that may help with survival
What is non random mating
individuals select mates hard on phenotypes or inbreeding
what are preferred phenotypes
to choose your mate though behaviour or beauty. It prevents unwanted alleles to reproduce
what is inbreeding
to breed with an individual with homologous phenotypes. Recessive abnormalities are increased
what are examples of inbreeding
self fertilization of flowers or purebred dogs.
If there are more homologous genotypes,
more harmful recessive alleles are more likely to be visible
what are some recessive abnormalities that come with inbreeding
deformities, infertile, health problems, early death
what is genetic drift
change in frequencies of allies in a small populationdue to chance events in breeding population
What does a smaller or greater population determine in genetic drift
smaller population, less chance, greater population, more chance,
what is the founder effect
when a few individuals leave a oooulation to create a new one (colonization). alleles that are found in this new population is by chance. Only a fraction of total genetic diversity of the actual population is shown.
What is the bottle neck effect
when a natural disaster occurs. Only some individuals survive, and repopulate. Some varitations are completely wiped out while some still survive. (Non selective) THE SURVIVING POPULATION DOES NOT REPRESENT THE OG POPULATION
What is stabilizing selection
favours average phenotype in a population (baby birth weights)
What is directional selection
extreme phenotypes have greater fitness than average (peppered moths)
What is disruptive Selection
when either extreme variation has higher fitness. (the fishes)
What is an immediate phenotype
The average phenotype of a population
what does disruptive selection result in
split gene pool or new species
what is sexual selection
to have competition to get the ladies. Partners select, not environment. Favourable traits exist.
what is sexual dimorphism
keeps differences between females and males species
Sexual selection disadvantages
powerful enough to produce features that are too strong, making it harmful to environment. (Bright neon coloured bird)
What is sexual dimorphism
striking difference in phenotypes between a male and female (male lions and female lions)
What is balanced polymorphism
Selection favours two or more alleles for same trait steadily generation after generation.
How does balanced polymorphism occur
When environment favours heterozygous traits over homozygous traits
who developed the classification system for plants and animals based on anatomy and physilogily
John ray
who said that there is an evolutionary connection between species int he same group
carlous linnaeus
who is Buffon
studied bio geology and anatomy and said life forms changing, and have common ancestors
palaeontology is the study of what
fossils
who developed science of palaeontology
Georges Cuvier
what was Georges cuviers law
each layer of rock is characterized by a unique group, deeper the layer the more dissimilar. Species reappear and disappear
what is catastrophism
natural disasters destroy species in an area and is rehabtated by neighbouring species to repopulated it
what did Charles Lyell say
geologic changes are slow an continuous and no natural disasters ever happened
who rejected catastrophism
Charles Lyell
what’s uniformitarianism
geologic changes are slow and continuous, there was never any natural disasters
who declared uniformitarianism
Charles Lyell
who’s theory is inheritance acquired traits
Lamark’s
what did Lamark declare
characteristics acquired during lifetime can be passed down to offspring
what did malthus linnausdeclare
populations multiply faster than food supply
what did Charles Darwin declare
life has changed and will continue to change and variation was the key to understanding species
Who made the theory of evolution by natural selection
Charles Darwin
what did Alfred Russel Wallace declare
people with traits that helped them survive local environments will survive and pass down those traits
who did Wallace partner with
darwin
who declared natural selection
darwin
who was origin of species made by
Darwin
what word was it that was never used in origin of species and what was used instead
evolution wasn’t used, decent of modification was.
why did darwin never use evolution in his book
because evolution is not linear, it is always going forward or backward
Aristotle made what
the chain of great being
different types of adaptions
structural, behavioural, physiological
what is a structural adaption
physical features that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment (Webbed feet, beak shape etc)
wha is behavioural adaption
actions or responses by an organism that helps it to survive and reproduce in its environment. It is either instinct or learnt (diet,migration,hibernation
what is physiological adaption
internal processes that help animal maintain homeostasis. Internal responses are done due to a reaction too omething on the outside (shivering, venom production, scent glands)
how do adaptions develop?
environmental conditions determine if its positive or negative
what is used to treat rapid reproduction
antibiotic drug
what thing causes diversity
mutations
what is artificial selection
press by humans to improve or modify traits (selective breeding)
what are the consequences of artificial selection
low genetic diversity, negatively effect other traits
what is embryology
similar looks before they are born, may have similar ancestors
what is comparative anatomy
similar bone structure tell us similar ancestors
what is homologous structures
same anatomy different use
what is analogous structure
different anatomy but similar function
what is vestigial structure
structures that we no longer use
what is molecular biolog
similar DNA and amino acids
what is speciation
the formation of new species from existing species
what is speciation also called
macro evolution
what is a isolation mechanism
to isolate a species from becomingtwo different ones if little or no gene flow
what are the two different isolation mechanisms
pre-zygotic and post-zygotic
what are the five pre zygotic mechanisms
habitat, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gamete
what is habitat isolation
two species live in the same area but different habitats
what is temporal isolation
different timings, such as seasons, day n night etc
what is behavioural isolation
species with specific behaviours needed to breed (singing, dancing, phermones)
what is mechanical isolation
anatomy doesn’t match with each other to fuck
gamete isolation
sperm never meet w the egg (Pollen never goes up the stigma)
what are the three post zygotic isolation
zygote mortality, hybrid infertility, hybrid inviability
what is zygote mortality
stops development of zygote midway but doesn’t survive
what is hybrid infertility
two species mate but the hybrid is sterile
what is hybrid inviability
first generation hybrid become fertile but the second gen has reduced fitness
what are the two types of speciation
allopatric and sympatric
what is allopatric speciation
geographical speculation (river splitting thing), they cannot breed together eventually after they diverge
what is sympatric speciation
species in the same geographical areas diverge and become reproductively isolated. Polyploidy: 4n cannot breed with 2n
what is adaptive raditation
form of allopatric speciation, diversity of common ancestral species into a variety
what is divergent evolution
once similar to ancestor, they become distinct or divergent. They adapt to different environmental conditions, resulting in new species
what is convergent evolution
two unrelated species occupy similar enviprment and share similar traits (birds and bee wings come from diff ancestors)
what is the gradualism hypothesis
evolution occurs at a slow and steady state. Not really supported by fossils because it rarely shows gradual transition, they just appear and disappear suddenly
what is the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis.
the evolutionary history consists of long periods of statistics or balance that is interrupted by periods of being diverged. Supported by fossil evidence. Most species undergo morphological change when they first diverge, then change a little bit.
what are digestive enzymes
protiens that change shape and structure due to high temperatures
what is denatured
when proteins properties change and is no longer active
what factors effect enzymes
temperature and pH
as temperature increases what happens to enzymes
energy is added and enzyme activity is increased
what pH range does pepsin work best in
low pH
what does amylase work best pH with
neutral
what pH does triston work best in
basic pH
where does food go after the duodenum to jejunum
ileum
where does most absorption happen
ileum
what happens in ileum
simple sugars and amino acids move across villi into blood capillaries then into liver then remove acesss. Any stored fatty acids and glycerol pass into intestine cells where they turn into triglycerides
what takes in triglycerides
lacteals (inside villi) then bypasses liver
what are the 3 parts of large intestine
ascending, transverse, descending
what happens in the large intestine
chemical digestion is completed and the colon best store wastes enough to absorb water out the waste. Inorganic salts minerals and vitamins aborbed into cells and transported to blood
what is osmosis
where water fills up anything with higher starch concentration
what is the process of elimination out the anus called
egestion
what does feces have that helps the body
vitamin k providing bacteria (blood clotting and bones)
where are feces stored
rectum
what is the appendix
no function, might’ve had a role in the past, plant eating animals may use it to digest cellulose
what is appendicitis
infection of appendix, bacteria gets logged with food causing it to become painful. Vomiting, pain, costipstion, diarrhea and surgery is needed
what is Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
group of diseases causing implantation, and can only be treated by special diet and medication
what is crohn’s disease
- affects alimentary canal and the persondoesn’t grow properly during puberty
what is ulcerative colitis
attacks colon and have bloody shit, cramping and abdominal pain. In severe cases affected part is removed and creates new external opening for waste
what is hepatitis
inflammation of liver
what is hepatitis A
contaminated water is drunk
what is hepatitis B
sex but there is a vaccine
what is hepatitis C
infected blood, no vaccine
what is cirrhosis
scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and prevents liver to function
what is cirrhosis caused by
alcohol and hepatitis C
early signs of cirrhosis
blood tests reconize fatty liver
can cirrhosis heal?
it’s chronic. It can heal but most likely won’t heal fast enough to avoid liver failure. Transplant is needed
what is diabetes
body cannot use glucose to provide for energy for muscles and tissues. The pancreas usually releases insulin after person has eaten
what is insulin
allows glucose from food to enter body cells. Diabetes lowers insulin
what does the drop of glucose result in
release of insulin dropping
theee types of diabetes
type 1, type 2, Gestational
What is type one diabetics
insulin production cells are destroyed by immune system. Common in kids
what is type 2 diabetes
not enough insulin production or when insulin isn’t used properly. Happens over age 40
what is gestational diabetes
when pregnant and ends at birth, type two comes 10 years later. Result of pregnancy hormones and uneven insulin production.
what is the treatment for diabesties
metformin, insulin from pigs or cattle (not effective), genetically engendered insulin plasmids
what is peptic ulcer
sore lining of stomach (duodenum where HCL and pepsin are found). Stomach issues are weak and Bacteria starts to life there. Stomach pain and antibiotics reduces acidity
what is constapation
3 bowel movements per week, small dry and hard, lack of muscle function. Laxatives help
what is gallstone
small hard masses in liver. Cholesterol in bile form crystals. Cure is medicine and ultrasound waves
