Anatomy Test Flashcards
1
Q
Raw molecules in body to provide energy and cellular funtions (digestive)
A
carbs, lipids, protiens, nucelic acid
2
Q
what are carbs
A
energy molecules with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
3
Q
what is the energy of the body called
A
ATP
4
Q
what are macromolecules
A
nutrients that must be consumed from food
5
Q
what is a monosaccride
A
single sugar molecule
6
Q
what is a polysaccride
A
many sugar molecule chains
7
Q
what are lipids
A
stores most oils (fats, oils, waxes) and hydrophobic
8
Q
what are protiens
A
amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
9
Q
How many amino acids are in the body
A
20, 9 that the body cannot produce
10
Q
What are nucleic acid
A
DNA and RNA, made of nucleotides
11
Q
What is hydrolysis
A
when water breaks down macromolecules into smaller ones
12
Q
What are enzymes
A
protiens that helps speed up reactions
13
Q
Carbohydrates turn into
A
monosaccrides
14
Q
lipids turn into
A
glycerol and fatty acids
15
Q
protiens turn into
A
amino acids
16
Q
nucleic acid turns into
A
nucleotides
17
Q
What is a mineral
A
inorganic, enable chemical reactions, help with tissue growth and immunity
18
Q
What is a vitamin
A
organic, enable chemical reactions to help with tissue growth and immunity
19
Q
How much of our body is water
A
2/3
20
Q
What do enzymes and hydrolysis do together
A
make sucrose to break down to glucose and fructose using sucrase
21
Q
what is Intracellular disgestion
A
inside cell digestion (amoeba)
22
Q
What is Extracellular digestion
A
outside cell digestion then absorbed into cell (fungi)
23
Q
How does absorption work in the digestion
A
Nutrients are absorbed out of digestive tract, taken into blood then taken into cells, most important part of digestion
24
Q
What are the three steps of digestion
A
Physical, Chemical, Absorbtion
25
What is another term for big pipe throughout the body in the digestive tract (a long tube open at both ends)
alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract
26
where does the upper and lower digestive system divide
at the stomach and small intestine (The duodenum)
27
How many teeth do we have
32
28
what is our saliva made out of and what does it break down
mucos and amylase (breaks down starch)
29
what is a mixture of food and saliva called
bolus
30
What happens in the throat when swallowing
uvula flips up to cover the nasal cavity (dingly thing) and epiglottis covers trachea. The bolus will enter the esophagus
31
What are the two layers of muscle in the esophagus
circular and longitudinal to help you swallow
32
what actions do the circular and longituindial commit to swallow food
behind bolus= circular muscles contract and longitudinal relaxes
infront bolus=circular muscles relax and longitudinal contracts
33
what is the movement of food moving in your esophagus called
peristalisis
34
what is the stomach known to do
store food, churn and chemically digest protien
35
What are sphincters
thick sing of circular muscle that acts like a valve to protect liquids going into other places
36
what are the two sphincters in the stomach called and where is it located
Cardiac (esophagus and stomach) and Pyloric (stomach and duodenum)
37
What are the 3 layers of muscle in the stomach that helps to churn
longitudinal, circular, diagonal (oblique)
38
what is rugae
ridged and waxy to increase surface area to help stomach stretch and contract
39
What does food in stomach stimulate
gastritis release into blood to release gastric fluids
40
What chemical is in the gastric juices and what's it pH
HCL with a pH of 1-3
41
What does pepsin do
break down long amino acid chains to polypeptides
42
what is chyme
HCL and broken down food
43
What are the three parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, Ileum
44
What part is the duodenum
after stomach, first 30 cm
45
where does the most absortion take place in the small intestine
Ileum
46
where does most digestion occur in the small intestine
jejenum
47
What is the lacteal do in the villi
absorbs fat from lumen of small intestine to lymph
48
What does the presence of home release in the small intestine
the hormone secretin to enter blood from small intestine and circulate pancreas
49
What does Seretin do
produce and secrete pancreatic juices
50
What are pancreatic juices and its chemical formula
HCL3, juices that neutralize chyme, changing it from a 1 to an 8
51
How is protein digested in the small intestine (what enzyme)
Inactive tryspinogin released from pancreas along w pancreatic juices, enterkinase enzyme tuns inactive trypsinogen into trypsin
52
where do carbs digest
Mouth and small intestine
53
where do protiens digest
stomach and small intestine
54
Where do fats and nucleic acid digests
small intestine
55
what is bile and bile salts
comes from liver that breaks down fat
56
where is bile stored
the gallbladder
57
what does the pancreas do
produce insulin to lower blood glucose and glucagon to higher blood glucose
58
What does the Pancreas produce
all enzymes except for pepsin and salivary amylase
59
What is inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammation, chronic
60
Two different IBDS
Crohns and Ulcerative
61
What is crohns
affects alimentary canal, does not grow property during puberty
62
What is ulcerative colitis
attacks colon that makes loose and bloody stool, cramping, sweating. Worst scenario affected part is removed and new waste hole is made
63
What is Hepatitis A B and C
A= contaminated water
B= Sex
C= Infected Blood
all inflammation of the liver
64
What is Cirrosis
healthy tissue in liver is replaced with scar tissue, prevents proper function, commonly caused by alcoholism or hepatitis act. Transplant is needed bc the body cannot heal itself quickly enough
65
Diabeaties
Insulin cannot pick up glucose because enough isn't produced.
65
Type one diabetes is
insulin producing cells are destroyed by immune systen
66
Type two diabetes is
not enough insulin produced or not used properley
67
What is Gestational Diabeties
mommy
68
What is a peptic ulcer
Sore lining of stomach, stomach tissues weakened and bacteria lives there. Medication is taken to reduce acidity
68
what is Constapation
harf shits and not pooping, laxatives needed
69
what is Gallstone
hard masses in liver, cholesterol in bile create crystals
70
What does the liver do
produces bile and bile salts and makes the gallbladder store it
70
what is endoscope
camera that goes into oral cavity toes alimentary canal
71
What are the three parts of the circulatory system
Blood, Vessels, Heart
72
The human circulatory is an open system t or f
F
73
What is the heart enclosed with
a liquid called Pericardium
74
what does the Pericardium do
prevents friction from anything touching the heart
75
What are the walls of heat made out of
Cardiac muscle
76
how many chambers is the heart and liver divided by
4
77
Where is the deoxygenated/oxygentated blood received and go
deoxygenated= right and into the lungs
oxygenated= Left and to body
78
What is the double system
the separation of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood though separate circuits.
79
What are the two systems in the double system
Pulmonary (pulmonary means lungs) and systemic
80
90% of all the blood is in which circulation (circulatory)
systemic circulation
81
What are coronary arteries
supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients
82
what is the movement of blood through the hard tissues called
cardiac circulation
83
What is the longest artery in the body
aorta
84
heart may use what percent of the body's total blood oxygen
20%
85
What are the three types of blood vessels
arteries, Capillaries, Veins
86
Arteries do what
bring oxygenated blood to the body
87
What are Arterioles
Blood from arteries that enter smaller vessels
88
What are Capillaries
exchange network though diffusion, fluid and gas exchange between blood and body cells.
89
What are Veins
carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs/heart
90
Between arteries and Veins, which one has more blood pressure
Arteries
91
What do veins have in relation to the skeletal muscles
veins cannot contract so skeletal muscles help with flow
92
What things are in our blood
plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets (mostly plasma and rbc)
93
what is plasma
helps the blood clot, also contains hormones, waste, glucose, protiens and stuff and stuff
94
What is RBC
Erythrocytes, specialized to transport oxygen. Contains hemoglobin which chemically binds to oxygen.
95
What is hemoglobin
thing that helps carry oxygen and carried heme (iron). May also carry CO2 to help remove carbon
96
where is RBC made
its made in the bone marrow by nucleated stem cells
97
How long does RBC cells live
120 days (2 million new cells per sec)
98
What is Anemia
red blood cell deficiency (can be due to low iron)
99
What is leukocytes
white blood cells, fights infections
100
what is leukaemia
cancer in whitte blood cells , immune system isn't working
101
what are platelets
blood clotting help, no nucleus and acts as a sealant
102
What is the tempo of the heart set by
SA node
103
What is the SA node and where is it located
Specialized nerves that stimulate muscle cells to contract and relax. Located at venae cavae.
104
How does the SA node work
Electrify aorta to make hear conduct, setting it at 70bpm
105
What is the AV node
Conductor passing nerve impulses through purkunje fibres
106
What sound does a heart make and what does each sound mean
Lub: Atrioventricular Valve (tricuspid, bicuspid, shut ventricles contract
Dub: semilunar valves close, ventricles relax
107
What are the three waves on a electrocardiogram and what do they mean
P is atrial contraction
QRS ventricular contraction
T ventricles recovered
108
What is tachycardia and brachycardia
Tachycardia = bpm 100<
Brachycardia = bpm 60>
109
What is blood pressure measured with
Sphygmomanometer
110
What is systolic pressure
Contraction in heart, ventricles contracts and push blood from heart, about 120mmHG, max pressure
111
What is Diastolic Pressure
Relaxation of heart, ventricles fill with blood (lowest pressure) about 80mmHG
112
Heart attack
Blood flow to heart is blocked
113
What is Hemophilia
Blood doesn’t clot normally, inherited
114
What is arrhythmia
Irregular rhythm of heartbeat
115
What is a ischemic stroke
Clot in the blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain
116
What is hemorrhagic stroke
Blood vessel burst in the brain and blood leaks around brain tissue
117
What is a Aneurysm
Bulge in the artery or heart chamber
118
Congenital heart disease
Birth defect in heart, heart murmur where valves aren’t closing or opening properly
119
Hypertension
High blood pressure in vessels (above 140/90)
120
What is atherosclerosis
Walls of arteries thicken and lose elasticity (plaque build up)
121
What is sickle cell anemia
Crescent shaped rbc, blocks blood flow
122
Hematologist
Specialized in diseases of blood
123
What is Hypotension
Low blood pressure in arteries (90/60)
124
What are Varicose veins
Enlarged and swollen veins twisted and dark blue and purple on legs and feet. Weakened or damaged by having blood collect in veins
125
Iron deficiency Anemia
Body lacks enough iron to produce hemoglobin
126
Leukaemia
Blood cancer of WBC, body cannot fight infections or viruses, affects bone marrow
127
Respiration is what
Supplying oxygen to body cells and removing CO2 from them
128
3 stages of respiration
External, internal, cellular
129
3 stages of respiration
External, internal, cellular
130
What is external respiration
Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between air and blood
131
What is internal respiration
Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between blood and cells of tissues
132
What is cellular respiration
Chemical reactions that take place mainly in mitochondria of cells (produce ATP energy)
133
What is inspiration and expiration
Inhale and exhale, air moving from high pressure to low pressure
134
What happens in inhalation (rbc, diaphragm, ribs, chest cavity volume, pressure inside lungs, air)
Oxygen rich blood moves into logs
Diaphragm contracts and lowers
External intercostal (rib muscles contract)
Rib cage moves up and out
Volume of chest cavity increases
Pressure inside lungs lowers
Air fills lungs
135
What happens in exhalation (rbc, diaphragm, ribs, chest cavity volume, pressure inside lungs, air)
Oxygen poor air moves out of lungs
diaphragm relaxes and raises
internal intercostal (rib muscles relax)
Rib cage moves down and in
Volume of chest cavity decreases
Pressure inside lung increases
Air exits and empty’s lungs
136
What are the three respiratory volume
Tidal volume, Inspirators reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume
137
What is tidal volume
Volume of air with Normal breathing
138
What is Inspirators reserve volume
Volume of doing a big deep breath
139
What’s expiratory reserve volume
Extremely Breathing out
140
What calculates the volume of air inhaled and exhaled
Spirometer
141
What is vital capacity (lungs)
Total lung volume (amt of gas that can go in and out of body
142
What is residual volume (lungs)
Amount of gas remaining in body when exhale
143
What are the two openings that the pharynx holds
Trachea and esophagus
144
What does the larynx look like
Two thin sheets of elastic ligaments called vocal cords
145
What keeps the wall of trachea and bronchi open
Cartilage rings
146
What is a pleural membrane
Thin, fluid filled membrane to surround lungs and lines the inner wall of chest cavity, reduces friction against chest cavity
147
23% of CO2 is carried by hemoglobin, the rest is carried by
Blood fluids that bring it back to the lungs
148
How does the rate of breathing change
Increased concentration of CO2 in body resells in faster breathing
149
Where is the breathing centre found in the brain
Medulla Oblingata inflicted by amt of CO2 in blood
150
What detects oxygen and carbon levels in the body and what are the two
Chemoreceptors: Carotid and Aorta
151
What are oxygen receptors
Responds to low oxygen in the blood
152
What are carbon dioxide receptors
Responds to arterial CO2 levels (most sensitive) and regulates breathing movements
153
What is tonsillitis
Tonsils are inflamed by bacterial functiom. Hurts to swallow and speak
154
What is laryngitis
Larynx is inflamed by infections or smoking, dry cough and loss voice
155
What is pneumonia
Alveoli is inflamed, filled with fluid or pus, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing, caused by bacteria or fungi
156
What is bronchitis
Bronchial tubes are inflamed, persistent cough and mucous production, smoking can cause fhis
157
What is asthma
Narrow airways , wheezing
158
Emphysema
Chronic, aliveoli are damaged, shortness of breath, quit smokimg
159
Cystic Fibrosis
Respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems hurt, thick muscles clogging airways and pancreas isn affected with digestion and nutrient issues. Greasy stools and poor growth.
160
What is lung cancer
Smoking, coughing blood
161
What is pleurisy
Implantation of pleural membranes lining the lungs and chest cavity, layers rub on eachother when breathing, sharp pain
