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Bio > Anatomy Test > Flashcards

Anatomy Test Flashcards

1
Q

Raw molecules in body to provide energy and cellular funtions (digestive)

A

carbs, lipids, protiens, nucelic acid

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2
Q

what are carbs

A

energy molecules with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

what is the energy of the body called

A

ATP

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4
Q

what are macromolecules

A

nutrients that must be consumed from food

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5
Q

what is a monosaccride

A

single sugar molecule

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6
Q

what is a polysaccride

A

many sugar molecule chains

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7
Q

what are lipids

A

stores most oils (fats, oils, waxes) and hydrophobic

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8
Q

what are protiens

A

amino acids bonded by peptide bonds

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9
Q

How many amino acids are in the body

A

20, 9 that the body cannot produce

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10
Q

What are nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA, made of nucleotides

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11
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

when water breaks down macromolecules into smaller ones

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12
Q

What are enzymes

A

protiens that helps speed up reactions

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13
Q

Carbohydrates turn into

A

monosaccrides

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14
Q

lipids turn into

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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15
Q

protiens turn into

A

amino acids

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16
Q

nucleic acid turns into

A

nucleotides

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17
Q

What is a mineral

A

inorganic, enable chemical reactions, help with tissue growth and immunity

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18
Q

What is a vitamin

A

organic, enable chemical reactions to help with tissue growth and immunity

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19
Q

How much of our body is water

A

2/3

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20
Q

What do enzymes and hydrolysis do together

A

make sucrose to break down to glucose and fructose using sucrase

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21
Q

what is Intracellular disgestion

A

inside cell digestion (amoeba)

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22
Q

What is Extracellular digestion

A

outside cell digestion then absorbed into cell (fungi)

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23
Q

How does absorption work in the digestion

A

Nutrients are absorbed out of digestive tract, taken into blood then taken into cells, most important part of digestion

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24
Q

What are the three steps of digestion

A

Physical, Chemical, Absorbtion

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25
Q

What is another term for big pipe throughout the body in the digestive tract (a long tube open at both ends)

A

alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract

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26
Q

where does the upper and lower digestive system divide

A

at the stomach and small intestine (The duodenum)

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27
Q

How many teeth do we have

A

32

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28
Q

what is our saliva made out of and what does it break down

A

mucos and amylase (breaks down starch)

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29
Q

what is a mixture of food and saliva called

A

bolus

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30
Q

What happens in the throat when swallowing

A

uvula flips up to cover the nasal cavity (dingly thing) and epiglottis covers trachea. The bolus will enter the esophagus

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31
Q

What are the two layers of muscle in the esophagus

A

circular and longitudinal to help you swallow

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32
Q

what actions do the circular and longituindial commit to swallow food

A

behind bolus= circular muscles contract and longitudinal relaxes
infront bolus=circular muscles relax and longitudinal contracts

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33
Q

what is the movement of food moving in your esophagus called

A

peristalisis

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34
Q

what is the stomach known to do

A

store food, churn and chemically digest protien

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35
Q

What are sphincters

A

thick sing of circular muscle that acts like a valve to protect liquids going into other places

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36
Q

what are the two sphincters in the stomach called and where is it located

A

Cardiac (esophagus and stomach) and Pyloric (stomach and duodenum)

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37
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscle in the stomach that helps to churn

A

longitudinal, circular, diagonal (oblique)

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38
Q

what is rugae

A

ridged and waxy to increase surface area to help stomach stretch and contract

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39
Q

What does food in stomach stimulate

A

gastritis release into blood to release gastric fluids

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40
Q

What chemical is in the gastric juices and what’s it pH

A

HCL with a pH of 1-3

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41
Q

What does pepsin do

A

break down long amino acid chains to polypeptides

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42
Q

what is chyme

A

HCL and broken down food

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43
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

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44
Q

What part is the duodenum

A

after stomach, first 30 cm

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45
Q

where does the most absortion take place in the small intestine

A

Ileum

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46
Q

where does most digestion occur in the small intestine

A

jejenum

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47
Q

What is the lacteal do in the villi

A

absorbs fat from lumen of small intestine to lymph

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48
Q

What does the presence of home release in the small intestine

A

the hormone secretin to enter blood from small intestine and circulate pancreas

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49
Q

What does Seretin do

A

produce and secrete pancreatic juices

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50
Q

What are pancreatic juices and its chemical formula

A

HCL3, juices that neutralize chyme, changing it from a 1 to an 8

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51
Q

How is protein digested in the small intestine (what enzyme)

A

Inactive tryspinogin released from pancreas along w pancreatic juices, enterkinase enzyme tuns inactive trypsinogen into trypsin

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52
Q

where do carbs digest

A

Mouth and small intestine

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53
Q

where do protiens digest

A

stomach and small intestine

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54
Q

Where do fats and nucleic acid digests

A

small intestine

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55
Q

what is bile and bile salts

A

comes from liver that breaks down fat

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56
Q

where is bile stored

A

the gallbladder

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57
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

produce insulin to lower blood glucose and glucagon to higher blood glucose

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58
Q

What does the Pancreas produce

A

all enzymes except for pepsin and salivary amylase

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59
Q

What is inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

Inflammation, chronic

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60
Q

Two different IBDS

A

Crohns and Ulcerative

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61
Q

What is crohns

A

affects alimentary canal, does not grow property during puberty

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62
Q

What is ulcerative colitis

A

attacks colon that makes loose and bloody stool, cramping, sweating. Worst scenario affected part is removed and new waste hole is made

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63
Q

What is Hepatitis A B and C

A

A= contaminated water
B= Sex
C= Infected Blood
all inflammation of the liver

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64
Q

What is Cirrosis

A

healthy tissue in liver is replaced with scar tissue, prevents proper function, commonly caused by alcoholism or hepatitis act. Transplant is needed bc the body cannot heal itself quickly enough

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65
Q

Diabeaties

A

Insulin cannot pick up glucose because enough isn’t produced.

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65
Q

Type one diabetes is

A

insulin producing cells are destroyed by immune systen

66
Q

Type two diabetes is

A

not enough insulin produced or not used properley

67
Q

What is Gestational Diabeties

A

mommy

68
Q

What is a peptic ulcer

A

Sore lining of stomach, stomach tissues weakened and bacteria lives there. Medication is taken to reduce acidity

68
Q

what is Constapation

A

harf shits and not pooping, laxatives needed

69
Q

what is Gallstone

A

hard masses in liver, cholesterol in bile create crystals

70
Q

What does the liver do

A

produces bile and bile salts and makes the gallbladder store it

70
Q

what is endoscope

A

camera that goes into oral cavity toes alimentary canal

71
Q

What are the three parts of the circulatory system

A

Blood, Vessels, Heart

72
Q

The human circulatory is an open system t or f

A

F

73
Q

What is the heart enclosed with

A

a liquid called Pericardium

74
Q

what does the Pericardium do

A

prevents friction from anything touching the heart

75
Q

What are the walls of heat made out of

A

Cardiac muscle

76
Q

how many chambers is the heart and liver divided by

A

4

77
Q

Where is the deoxygenated/oxygentated blood received and go

A

deoxygenated= right and into the lungs
oxygenated= Left and to body

78
Q

What is the double system

A

the separation of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood though separate circuits.

79
Q

What are the two systems in the double system

A

Pulmonary (pulmonary means lungs) and systemic

80
Q

90% of all the blood is in which circulation (circulatory)

A

systemic circulation

81
Q

What are coronary arteries

A

supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients

82
Q

what is the movement of blood through the hard tissues called

A

cardiac circulation

83
Q

What is the longest artery in the body

A

aorta

84
Q

heart may use what percent of the body’s total blood oxygen

A

20%

85
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels

A

arteries, Capillaries, Veins

86
Q

Arteries do what

A

bring oxygenated blood to the body

87
Q

What are Arterioles

A

Blood from arteries that enter smaller vessels

88
Q

What are Capillaries

A

exchange network though diffusion, fluid and gas exchange between blood and body cells.

89
Q

What are Veins

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs/heart

90
Q

Between arteries and Veins, which one has more blood pressure

A

Arteries

91
Q

What do veins have in relation to the skeletal muscles

A

veins cannot contract so skeletal muscles help with flow

92
Q

What things are in our blood

A

plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets (mostly plasma and rbc)

93
Q

what is plasma

A

helps the blood clot, also contains hormones, waste, glucose, protiens and stuff and stuff

94
Q

What is RBC

A

Erythrocytes, specialized to transport oxygen. Contains hemoglobin which chemically binds to oxygen.

95
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

thing that helps carry oxygen and carried heme (iron). May also carry CO2 to help remove carbon

96
Q

where is RBC made

A

its made in the bone marrow by nucleated stem cells

97
Q

How long does RBC cells live

A

120 days (2 million new cells per sec)

98
Q

What is Anemia

A

red blood cell deficiency (can be due to low iron)

99
Q

What is leukocytes

A

white blood cells, fights infections

100
Q

what is leukaemia

A

cancer in whitte blood cells , immune system isn’t working

101
Q

what are platelets

A

blood clotting help, no nucleus and acts as a sealant

102
Q

What is the tempo of the heart set by

A

SA node

103
Q

What is the SA node and where is it located

A

Specialized nerves that stimulate muscle cells to contract and relax. Located at venae cavae.

104
Q

How does the SA node work

A

Electrify aorta to make hear conduct, setting it at 70bpm

105
Q

What is the AV node

A

Conductor passing nerve impulses through purkunje fibres

106
Q

What sound does a heart make and what does each sound mean

A

Lub: Atrioventricular Valve (tricuspid, bicuspid, shut ventricles contract
Dub: semilunar valves close, ventricles relax

107
Q

What are the three waves on a electrocardiogram and what do they mean

A

P is atrial contraction
QRS ventricular contraction
T ventricles recovered

108
Q

What is tachycardia and brachycardia

A

Tachycardia = bpm 100<
Brachycardia = bpm 60>

109
Q

What is blood pressure measured with

A

Sphygmomanometer

110
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

Contraction in heart, ventricles contracts and push blood from heart, about 120mmHG, max pressure

111
Q

What is Diastolic Pressure

A

Relaxation of heart, ventricles fill with blood (lowest pressure) about 80mmHG

112
Q

Heart attack

A

Blood flow to heart is blocked

113
Q

What is Hemophilia

A

Blood doesn’t clot normally, inherited

114
Q

What is arrhythmia

A

Irregular rhythm of heartbeat

115
Q

What is a ischemic stroke

A

Clot in the blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain

116
Q

What is hemorrhagic stroke

A

Blood vessel burst in the brain and blood leaks around brain tissue

117
Q

What is a Aneurysm

A

Bulge in the artery or heart chamber

118
Q

Congenital heart disease

A

Birth defect in heart, heart murmur where valves aren’t closing or opening properly

119
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure in vessels (above 140/90)

120
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Walls of arteries thicken and lose elasticity (plaque build up)

121
Q

What is sickle cell anemia

A

Crescent shaped rbc, blocks blood flow

122
Q

Hematologist

A

Specialized in diseases of blood

123
Q

What is Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure in arteries (90/60)

124
Q

What are Varicose veins

A

Enlarged and swollen veins twisted and dark blue and purple on legs and feet. Weakened or damaged by having blood collect in veins

125
Q

Iron deficiency Anemia

A

Body lacks enough iron to produce hemoglobin

126
Q

Leukaemia

A

Blood cancer of WBC, body cannot fight infections or viruses, affects bone marrow

127
Q

Respiration is what

A

Supplying oxygen to body cells and removing CO2 from them

128
Q

3 stages of respiration

A

External, internal, cellular

129
Q

3 stages of respiration

A

External, internal, cellular

130
Q

What is external respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between air and blood

131
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between blood and cells of tissues

132
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Chemical reactions that take place mainly in mitochondria of cells (produce ATP energy)

133
Q

What is inspiration and expiration

A

Inhale and exhale, air moving from high pressure to low pressure

134
Q

What happens in inhalation (rbc, diaphragm, ribs, chest cavity volume, pressure inside lungs, air)

A

Oxygen rich blood moves into logs
Diaphragm contracts and lowers
External intercostal (rib muscles contract)
Rib cage moves up and out
Volume of chest cavity increases
Pressure inside lungs lowers
Air fills lungs

135
Q

What happens in exhalation (rbc, diaphragm, ribs, chest cavity volume, pressure inside lungs, air)

A

Oxygen poor air moves out of lungs
diaphragm relaxes and raises
internal intercostal (rib muscles relax)
Rib cage moves down and in
Volume of chest cavity decreases
Pressure inside lung increases
Air exits and empty’s lungs

136
Q

What are the three respiratory volume

A

Tidal volume, Inspirators reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume

137
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of air with Normal breathing

138
Q

What is Inspirators reserve volume

A

Volume of doing a big deep breath

139
Q

What’s expiratory reserve volume

A

Extremely Breathing out

140
Q

What calculates the volume of air inhaled and exhaled

A

Spirometer

141
Q

What is vital capacity (lungs)

A

Total lung volume (amt of gas that can go in and out of body

142
Q

What is residual volume (lungs)

A

Amount of gas remaining in body when exhale

143
Q

What are the two openings that the pharynx holds

A

Trachea and esophagus

144
Q

What does the larynx look like

A

Two thin sheets of elastic ligaments called vocal cords

145
Q

What keeps the wall of trachea and bronchi open

A

Cartilage rings

146
Q

What is a pleural membrane

A

Thin, fluid filled membrane to surround lungs and lines the inner wall of chest cavity, reduces friction against chest cavity

147
Q

23% of CO2 is carried by hemoglobin, the rest is carried by

A

Blood fluids that bring it back to the lungs

148
Q

How does the rate of breathing change

A

Increased concentration of CO2 in body resells in faster breathing

149
Q

Where is the breathing centre found in the brain

A

Medulla Oblingata inflicted by amt of CO2 in blood

150
Q

What detects oxygen and carbon levels in the body and what are the two

A

Chemoreceptors: Carotid and Aorta

151
Q

What are oxygen receptors

A

Responds to low oxygen in the blood

152
Q

What are carbon dioxide receptors

A

Responds to arterial CO2 levels (most sensitive) and regulates breathing movements

153
Q

What is tonsillitis

A

Tonsils are inflamed by bacterial functiom. Hurts to swallow and speak

154
Q

What is laryngitis

A

Larynx is inflamed by infections or smoking, dry cough and loss voice

155
Q

What is pneumonia

A

Alveoli is inflamed, filled with fluid or pus, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing, caused by bacteria or fungi

156
Q

What is bronchitis

A

Bronchial tubes are inflamed, persistent cough and mucous production, smoking can cause fhis

157
Q

What is asthma

A

Narrow airways , wheezing

158
Q

Emphysema

A

Chronic, aliveoli are damaged, shortness of breath, quit smokimg

159
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems hurt, thick muscles clogging airways and pancreas isn affected with digestion and nutrient issues. Greasy stools and poor growth.

160
Q

What is lung cancer

A

Smoking, coughing blood

161
Q

What is pleurisy

A

Implantation of pleural membranes lining the lungs and chest cavity, layers rub on eachother when breathing, sharp pain

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