Diversity unit 1 Flashcards
Why classify animals
differentiate, to find ancestors, to find relatives, to easily classify new species
phylogeny
compare through evolutionary history
morphology
structure of animals
biology
if they can reproduce together
Taxonomy
the action of classifying and naming
who developed binomial nomenclature
carols linnaeus
binomial nomenclature
the naming system
3 different morphology
DNA, anatomical (external), physiological (internal)
types of biodiversity
genetic, species, ecosystem
eukaryotic
nucleus, complicated, bigger
prokaryotic cells
have no nucleus, simple, small
3 different domains
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic
domain bacteria is
- a decomposer
- can make people sick
- makes yogurt
- eukaryote
domain archaea is
- prokaryotic
- lives in harsh environments
domain eukaryote is
- eukaryote
- animals, plants, fungi, protists
kingdom different categories
animals, plants, protists, bacteria, fungi, anarchea
main charcteristics of kingdom (what are we looking for)
of cells
pro or eu
reproduction
auto or hetero (nutrition)
cell wall
What are viruses
DNA/RNA and a protein coat (capsid) that invades a host and depends on it
what do viruses lack
cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membranes
what re viruses size
30nm to 300nm
shapes of viruses
polyhedral, helical, enveloped, complex
polyhedral virus example
polio
helical virus examples
rabies
enveloped virus examples
covid
what is the lystic cycle acronym
AERIAL (attachment, entry/injection, replication, assembly, lysis and release)
What is the lysogenic Cycle
viral dna joins hosts chromosomes, attaches to nucleus, then gets activated in an external trigger to produce new virus, then goes into lysis
what is retrovirus
uses RNA for genetics, passes its viral DNA and turns it into DNA through reverse transcriptase, goes through cell cycle and passes the mutated DNA to daughter cells, can remain dominant for years w/ no harm to host. The provirus can separate from the host chromosomes and complete lytic cycle
what is reverse transcriptase
passing viral DNA as hosts DNA (retrovirus)
viruses connection to humans
gene therapy
what are prions
disease causing protiens that become harmful when they change shape
example of prions disease
mad cow
Bacteria
is a small independent living organism, good or bad, lives in different environments
characteristics of a bacteria
unicellular, prokaryotic, singular DNA loop, small ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan
what kingdom is bacteria in
bacteria dumbass
size of bacteria
0.2-10um
shapes of bacteria
cocci, bacilli, coccbailli, vibrios, spiral, spirochetes, star, rectangle, pleomorphic
what is diplo
2
what is tetrad
4 (cocci)
what is sarcinae
8 (cocci)
what is steplo
chain
what is straphlo
grape
ways bacterias move
w/ flagella or gliding bacteria
gram stain classification
bacteria classification on its response to being on the cell wall, they show differences in amino acids and sugar molecules
gram positive characteristics
thick with peptidoglycan and purple
gram negative characteristics
thin and pink with large and diverse # of cells
name the complex shape diagram form top to bottom
capsid (dna inside), collar, sheath, base, tail fibre, pin, tail core (dna out)
What is a zone of inhibition
bacteria growth area with unlimited food and space
what are the three zones of inhabitation
normal growth, inhibited growth, total inhabitation
what is normal growth in zones of inhibition
cloudy areas around the disk
what is inhibited growth in zones of inhibition
less cloudy areas around the disk
what is total inhibition in zones of growth
clear areas no growth
bacterias method of reproduction
conjunction (sexual) and binary fission (asexual)
what is binary fission and how
cell cycle, plasmids split into daughter cells
Antibiotic resistance
through conjunction, bacterium can acquire a gene that becomes resistance to an antibiotic
what is conjunction and how
sexual reproduction where DNA plasmids passes from one bacterial cell to another structure called pill, produces new genetic combos
what are plasmids
small loops of DNA that can be transferred through conjunction, resulting in new genetic combinations within a population
what are the bacteria cycles important in (biotechnology)
genetic engineering
bacterial gas exchange methods (3)
aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative aerobe
bacteria are mesophiles, what are mesophiles
organisms that occupy moderate conditions
What is aerobe
requires oxygen (skin)
what is obligate anaerobe
dies when exposed to oxygen (large intestine)
what is facultative aerobes
doesn’t need oxygen but uses it when present (e.coli)
biological role of bacteria
plant growth, decommission, food digestion, human food
endospores
hard walled structures that protect organisms genetic material, resistant to any damaging environments, turns back into active bacterium when suitable conditions return, not in archea
Archaea bacteria
unicellular, cell wall (no peptiglycan and can withstand damaging conditions (extremophiles), some form of in colonies
archaea bacteria reproduction
conjunction and binary conjucition
archer bacteria role
some create methane, no connection to human health
thermophiles live in
temperature over 100
acidophiles live in
low pH
Halophiles live in
salt concentration above 20%
methanogens live in
lives with methanes
psychrophiles live in
unusual cold temperatures
thermoacidophiles
hot and acidic
who created the theory of endosybiosis
Lynn margulis
what is endosymbiosis
eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic (working together) relationships between two or more prokaryotic cells.
what is endosymbiont
one prokaryotic cell (host) swallow another prokaryotic cell, swallowed cell survives and becomes apart of the host cell
What is the endosymbiosis theory of chloroplasts and mitochondria
they might’ve been free living prokaryotes engulfed by larger prokaryotes
comparison of chloroplast, mitochondria and prokaryotes
similar membrane, ribosomes, binary fission, circular chromosomes, matching gene sequence
what are protists
diverse groups of organisms that do not fit well into other kingdoms
protists cell type
eukaryotic unicellular, sometimes few multicellular colonies like red and green alga
shape of protists
varies
size of protists
0.01-0.5mm, sometimes as big as 5cm
reproduction
mostly asexual (mitosis)
main groups of protists (3)
animal lie, fungi like, plant like
animal like protists (protozoa) characteristics
heterotrophs, unicellular, no cell walls, mitosis or conduction, can move, some are parasitic
Sub divisions of protozoa (4)
ciliates, flagellates, cercozans, sporozoans
what are ciliates
cilia move around for food sweeping
what are flagellaates
uses flagellum to swim
phylum sporozoans
pseudopods (temp cytoplasm extensions for feeding and movement
what are cercozans
non motive, reproduce using spores, includes parasitic profits
what are fungi like protist
has chemicals that digest foods, then eats (heterotroph), asexual, cell wall cellulose (not the plants cellulose), slime or water moulds
what are plant like protists
contains chlorophyll and photosynthesis (have cellulose cell walls), producers
protists biological role
- adage produces oxygen through photosynthesis
- some termites help digest wood fibres
protists connection to human health
malarya. breaks down nutrients in body, seaweed (food)
what are vascular tissues
allows the plant to send water and nutrients to the plant
what are roots
extracts nutrients from the ground and anchoring plant to the ground
what are leafs
increases surface area for exchanges in gas and sun
plant kingdom characteristics
eukaryotic, multicellular, cell wall cellulose, autotrophs, asexual and sexual
connection to human health
food, medicine, oxygen, cotton, wood (shelter), bio fuels
general plant kingdom categories (3)
non vascular bryophytes, seedless vascular, seed producing vascular plants
examples of protists
red algae, kelp, ameoba
fungi kingdom characteristics
majority multicellular, no cell wall, heterotroph, asexual and sexual, antibiotics and causes diseases, decomposes in the food chain, food production (beer(, medicine (antibiotics), and biotechnology
what is a parasite fungi
absorbs nutrients living host dies, produces new spores
what is a predatery fungi
specialized trapping structure for prey
what is mutualistic fungi
fungi grows on other plants, allowing plants to get more nutrients, but fungi takes sugar inreturn
what is saprobial fungi
typical fungi that feeds on organic waste
kingdom Animalia characteristics
eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic, mobile at least in one stage, sexual, produces embryo that makes life
animals characteristics
backbone (vertebrate) or no backbone (invertebrate), 1-3 body layers, active or sessile movement
animals body symmetry (3)
asymmetrical, radial or bilateral
animals body segmentation?
division of body into repetitive sections
animals body cavity?
present or absent
animal reproduction methods?
asexuall or sexual, internal or external fertilization
what are vascular and what are the two different types
xylem and phylum, they transfer water and sugars from photosynthesis
do bryophties in the plant kingdom have vascular tissues
no
do seedless vascular in the plant kingdom have vascular tissues
yes
do seed producing in the plant kingdom have vascular tissues
yes
do bryophties in the plant kingdom have dominant generations and how much
haploid (single set of chromosomes)
do seedless vascular in the plant kingdom have dominant generations and how much
diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
do seed producing in the plant kingdom have dominant generations and how much
diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
do seed producing in the plant kingdom have dominant generations and how much
diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
where do bryophites from the plant kingdom have species disposal
through spores
where do seedless vascular from the plant kingdom have species disposal
through spores
where do seed producing from the plant kingdom have species disposal
through seeds
where do seed producing from the plant kingdom have species disposal
through seeds
what are the characteristics of fungi
eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls of chytrid, heterotropic, sexual or asexual
what is fungi made of
hyphae (makes the body inside), mycelium (roots), fruiting body (above ground shit)
animal cells cell type
eukaryotic,
