Diversity unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Why classify animals
A
differentiate, to find ancestors, to find relatives, to easily classify new species
2
Q
phylogeny
A
compare through evolutionary history
3
Q
morphology
A
structure of animals
4
Q
biology
A
if they can reproduce together
5
Q
Taxonomy
A
the action of classifying and naming
6
Q
who developed binomial nomenclature
A
carols linnaeus
7
Q
binomial nomenclature
A
the naming system
8
Q
3 different morphology
A
DNA, anatomical (external), physiological (internal)
9
Q
types of biodiversity
A
genetic, species, ecosystem
10
Q
eukaryotic
A
nucleus, complicated, bigger
11
Q
prokaryotic cells
A
have no nucleus, simple, small
12
Q
3 different domains
A
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic
13
Q
domain bacteria is
A
- a decomposer
- can make people sick
- makes yogurt
- eukaryote
14
Q
domain archaea is
A
- prokaryotic
- lives in harsh environments
15
Q
domain eukaryote is
A
- eukaryote
- animals, plants, fungi, protists
16
Q
kingdom different categories
A
animals, plants, protists, bacteria, fungi, anarchea
17
Q
main charcteristics of kingdom (what are we looking for)
A
of cells
pro or eu
reproduction
auto or hetero (nutrition)
cell wall
18
Q
What are viruses
A
DNA/RNA and a protein coat (capsid) that invades a host and depends on it
19
Q
what do viruses lack
A
cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membranes
20
Q
what re viruses size
A
30nm to 300nm
21
Q
shapes of viruses
A
polyhedral, helical, enveloped, complex
22
Q
polyhedral virus example
A
polio
23
Q
helical virus examples
A
rabies
24
Q
enveloped virus examples
A
covid
25
what is the lystic cycle acronym
AERIAL (attachment, entry/injection, replication, assembly, lysis and release)
26
What is the lysogenic Cycle
viral dna joins hosts chromosomes, attaches to nucleus, then gets activated in an external trigger to produce new virus, then goes into lysis
27
what is retrovirus
uses RNA for genetics, passes its viral DNA and turns it into DNA through reverse transcriptase, goes through cell cycle and passes the mutated DNA to daughter cells, can remain dominant for years w/ no harm to host. The provirus can separate from the host chromosomes and complete lytic cycle
28
what is reverse transcriptase
passing viral DNA as hosts DNA (retrovirus)
29
viruses connection to humans
gene therapy
30
what are prions
disease causing protiens that become harmful when they change shape
31
example of prions disease
mad cow
32
Bacteria
is a small independent living organism, good or bad, lives in different environments
33
characteristics of a bacteria
unicellular, prokaryotic, singular DNA loop, small ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan
34
what kingdom is bacteria in
bacteria dumbass
35
size of bacteria
0.2-10um
36
shapes of bacteria
cocci, bacilli, coccbailli, vibrios, spiral, spirochetes, star, rectangle, pleomorphic
37
what is diplo
2
38
what is tetrad
4 (cocci)
39
what is sarcinae
8 (cocci)
40
what is steplo
chain
41
what is straphlo
grape
42
ways bacterias move
w/ flagella or gliding bacteria
43
gram stain classification
bacteria classification on its response to being on the cell wall, they show differences in amino acids and sugar molecules
44
gram positive characteristics
thick with peptidoglycan and purple
45
gram negative characteristics
thin and pink with large and diverse # of cells
46
name the complex shape diagram form top to bottom
capsid (dna inside), collar, sheath, base, tail fibre, pin, tail core (dna out)
47
What is a zone of inhibition
bacteria growth area with unlimited food and space
48
what are the three zones of inhabitation
normal growth, inhibited growth, total inhabitation
49
what is normal growth in zones of inhibition
cloudy areas around the disk
50
what is inhibited growth in zones of inhibition
less cloudy areas around the disk
51
what is total inhibition in zones of growth
clear areas no growth
52
bacterias method of reproduction
conjunction (sexual) and binary fission (asexual)
53
what is binary fission and how
cell cycle, plasmids split into daughter cells
54
Antibiotic resistance
through conjunction, bacterium can acquire a gene that becomes resistance to an antibiotic
55
what is conjunction and how
sexual reproduction where DNA plasmids passes from one bacterial cell to another structure called pill, produces new genetic combos
56
what are plasmids
small loops of DNA that can be transferred through conjunction, resulting in new genetic combinations within a population
57
what are the bacteria cycles important in (biotechnology)
genetic engineering
58
bacterial gas exchange methods (3)
aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative aerobe
59
bacteria are mesophiles, what are mesophiles
organisms that occupy moderate conditions
60
What is aerobe
requires oxygen (skin)
61
what is obligate anaerobe
dies when exposed to oxygen (large intestine)
62
what is facultative aerobes
doesn't need oxygen but uses it when present (e.coli)
63
biological role of bacteria
plant growth, decommission, food digestion, human food
64
endospores
hard walled structures that protect organisms genetic material, resistant to any damaging environments, turns back into active bacterium when suitable conditions return, not in archea
65
Archaea bacteria
unicellular, cell wall (no peptiglycan and can withstand damaging conditions (extremophiles), some form of in colonies
66
archaea bacteria reproduction
conjunction and binary conjucition
67
archer bacteria role
some create methane, no connection to human health
68
thermophiles live in
temperature over 100
69
acidophiles live in
low pH
70
Halophiles live in
salt concentration above 20%
71
methanogens live in
lives with methanes
72
psychrophiles live in
unusual cold temperatures
73
thermoacidophiles
hot and acidic
74
who created the theory of endosybiosis
Lynn margulis
75
what is endosymbiosis
eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic (working together) relationships between two or more prokaryotic cells.
76
what is endosymbiont
one prokaryotic cell (host) swallow another prokaryotic cell, swallowed cell survives and becomes apart of the host cell
77
What is the endosymbiosis theory of chloroplasts and mitochondria
they might've been free living prokaryotes engulfed by larger prokaryotes
78
comparison of chloroplast, mitochondria and prokaryotes
similar membrane, ribosomes, binary fission, circular chromosomes, matching gene sequence
79
what are protists
diverse groups of organisms that do not fit well into other kingdoms
80
protists cell type
eukaryotic unicellular, sometimes few multicellular colonies like red and green alga
81
shape of protists
varies
82
size of protists
0.01-0.5mm, sometimes as big as 5cm
83
reproduction
mostly asexual (mitosis)
84
main groups of protists (3)
animal lie, fungi like, plant like
85
animal like protists (protozoa) characteristics
heterotrophs, unicellular, no cell walls, mitosis or conduction, can move, some are parasitic
86
Sub divisions of protozoa (4)
ciliates, flagellates, cercozans, sporozoans
87
what are ciliates
cilia move around for food sweeping
88
what are flagellaates
uses flagellum to swim
89
phylum sporozoans
pseudopods (temp cytoplasm extensions for feeding and movement
90
what are cercozans
non motive, reproduce using spores, includes parasitic profits
91
what are fungi like protist
has chemicals that digest foods, then eats (heterotroph), asexual, cell wall cellulose (not the plants cellulose), slime or water moulds
92
what are plant like protists
contains chlorophyll and photosynthesis (have cellulose cell walls), producers
93
protists biological role
- adage produces oxygen through photosynthesis
- some termites help digest wood fibres
94
protists connection to human health
malarya. breaks down nutrients in body, seaweed (food)
95
what are vascular tissues
allows the plant to send water and nutrients to the plant
96
what are roots
extracts nutrients from the ground and anchoring plant to the ground
97
what are leafs
increases surface area for exchanges in gas and sun
97
plant kingdom characteristics
eukaryotic, multicellular, cell wall cellulose, autotrophs, asexual and sexual
98
connection to human health
food, medicine, oxygen, cotton, wood (shelter), bio fuels
99
general plant kingdom categories (3)
non vascular bryophytes, seedless vascular, seed producing vascular plants
100
examples of protists
red algae, kelp, ameoba
101
fungi kingdom characteristics
majority multicellular, no cell wall, heterotroph, asexual and sexual, antibiotics and causes diseases, decomposes in the food chain, food production (beer(, medicine (antibiotics), and biotechnology
102
what is a parasite fungi
absorbs nutrients living host dies, produces new spores
103
what is a predatery fungi
specialized trapping structure for prey
104
what is mutualistic fungi
fungi grows on other plants, allowing plants to get more nutrients, but fungi takes sugar inreturn
105
what is saprobial fungi
typical fungi that feeds on organic waste
106
kingdom Animalia characteristics
eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic, mobile at least in one stage, sexual, produces embryo that makes life
107
animals characteristics
backbone (vertebrate) or no backbone (invertebrate), 1-3 body layers, active or sessile movement
108
animals body symmetry (3)
asymmetrical, radial or bilateral
109
animals body segmentation?
division of body into repetitive sections
110
animals body cavity?
present or absent
111
animal reproduction methods?
asexuall or sexual, internal or external fertilization
112
what are vascular and what are the two different types
xylem and phylum, they transfer water and sugars from photosynthesis
113
do bryophties in the plant kingdom have vascular tissues
no
114
do seedless vascular in the plant kingdom have vascular tissues
yes
115
do seed producing in the plant kingdom have vascular tissues
yes
116
do bryophties in the plant kingdom have dominant generations and how much
haploid (single set of chromosomes)
117
do seedless vascular in the plant kingdom have dominant generations and how much
diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
118
do seed producing in the plant kingdom have dominant generations and how much
diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
119
do seed producing in the plant kingdom have dominant generations and how much
diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
120
where do bryophites from the plant kingdom have species disposal
through spores
121
where do seedless vascular from the plant kingdom have species disposal
through spores
122
where do seed producing from the plant kingdom have species disposal
through seeds
123
where do seed producing from the plant kingdom have species disposal
through seeds
124
what are the characteristics of fungi
eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls of chytrid, heterotropic, sexual or asexual
125
what is fungi made of
hyphae (makes the body inside), mycelium (roots), fruiting body (above ground shit)
126
animal cells cell type
eukaryotic,
