General Science- Cellular Structures and Functions Flashcards
Cell Theory States what three facts?
- All living things are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic units and structure of living things.
- New cells are produced from existing cells.
What are the 2 cell classifications?
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Characterized for not having a nucleus, like bacteria for example.
Prokaryotic
Characterized for having a nucleus, like plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Eukaryotic
The WHAT of a eukaryotic cell contains the genetic material of the cell.
Nucleus
Outside of the nucleus lies the WHAT, a substance which surrounds the other cell structures.
Cytoplasm
Cell parts with specific functions?
Organelles
What does the cytoplasm contain?
Organelles
This organelle produces proteins.
Ribosomes
This organelle produces energy.
Mitochondrion (ia for plural)
This organelle is involved in the synthesis of proteins and fats.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
This organelle packages the proteins for use.
Golgi Apparatus
This organelle helps the cell manage waste.
Lysosomes
This organelle can be important in guiding the cell’s reproduction.
Centrosomes
Plant cells have a rigid WHAT surrounding the membrane.
Cell Wall
The cell wall provides what 2 things for the cell?
Structure
Support
Some plant cells produce their own energy through the process of what?
Photosynthesis.
The process by which sunlight, CO2, and water react to make sugar and oxygen.
Photosynthesis
During photo synthesis process, what 3 items are needed to react to make sugar and oxygen.
Sunlight
CO2
Water
Where does photosynthesis take place often in?
Plant Cells
What do animal cells rely on for energy?
Consuming outside sources via Cellular Respiration.
Process by which the mitochondria processes sugar and oxygen to produce energy, water, and CO2.
Cellular Respiration
During Cellular Respiration, if there is no oxygen present, what does occur instead?
Fermentation
Fermentation means what two things are produced instead of sugar when oxygen is not in the equation.
Lactic Acid
Alcohol
The process where genetic material is replicated in the nucleus.
Cell Division.
What is the first phase called of Cell Division?
Interphase.
Where DNA replication occurs, which results in the replication of the chromosomes in the nucleus.
Interphase
During interphase, the twin threads of DNA composed are called what?
Chromatids
Which is the longest phase cell division and consists of divided periods of cell growth and DNA replication?
Interphase
During Interphase, why does the cell begin to grow in size?
To accommodate the increase in chromosomes.
What is the 2nd phase of Cell Division after Interphase?
Prophase
When Chromatids begin to pair up with their sister Chromatids.
Prophase
What is the 3rd phase of Cell Division after Prophase?
Metaphase
When the sister chromatids begin move to opposite poles of the cell.
Metaphase
What is the 4th phase of Cell Division after Metaphase?
Anaphase
When the chromatids begin to pull apart into two separate poles. The cell is than elongated.
Anaphase
What is the 5th phase of Cell Division after Anaphase?
Telophase
2 new nuclei become completely separated.
Telophase
What is the 6th and final phase of Cell Division after Telophase?
Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm and cell membranes complete their separation and 2 daughter cells are formed.
Cytokinesis
Normally cells are regulated to stop producing via signals, however this occurs when signals are mutated and cells can grow without limit.
Cancer
What are factors of cancer?
Smoking
Sun Exposure
Mutations after Damages to Cells
What is the most common type of cancer and what is it from?
Skin Cancer and exposure to UV rays in sunlight.
