GENERAL PART Flashcards
Veterinarians can cause iatrogenic infections.
T
Arthropod borne infections are direct infections
F
Arthopod born infections are indirect infections
T
Arthropods can be involved in indirect infections.
T
Venereal infections is a direct infection
T
In the case of iatrogenic infections the infective agents are transmitted by the
veterinarian
T
Drinking water cannot transmit infective agents since it is hypoosmotic
F
In case of direct infection tissues of the infected animal are contacted with tissues of the
host
T
In the case of aerogenic infection the agents are transmitted with air.
T
Aerogenic infection is a form of direct infection.
F
In the case of aerogenic infection the agent is transmitted by the air
T
Infective agents cannot survive in the soil, so soil cannot be a source of infection.
F
In the case of iatrogenic infection the agent is transmitted by humans.
T
Direct infection happens when infected animals pass the infection with water.
F
If the arthropod is a true vector, if it brings the pathogen into a susceptible animal.
F
The arthropod is a true vector, if the pathogen also replicates in the susceptible animal.
T
The arthropod is a true vector, if it propagates the pathogen.
T
The arthropod is a true vector, if it can take the pathogen to a further distance
F
Infection cannot happen through water since bacteria and viruses are inactivated in
water.
F
Meat is never involved in transmission of infections since fermentation of meat kills
agents.
F
Some infective agents are transmitted with eggs.
T
Germinative infection is more frequent in birds than in mammals.
T
Germinative infection is very frequent in mammals
F
Germinative infection is seen in mammals
T
Mammals can infect their offspring through milk
T
New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies.
F
Intrauterine infection happens if the foetus is infected during pregnancy from the dam
T
Vertical infection does not occur in mammals
F
Horizontally infections happen only in birds
F
Germinative infection is frequent in mammals, it will result in malformation of the
foetuses.
F
Galactogen infection cannot happen when the animals receive colostrum, since the
antibodies in the colostrum prevent it.
F
In the case of horizontal infection animals in the same group infect each other.
T
Intra uterine infection can occur in pregnant animals.
T
Germinative infection can happen in birds.
T
Galactogen infection is a form of horizontal infections.
F
If the dam infects newborn animals, we speak about horizontal infection.
F
Germinative infection can occur mainly in mammals.
F
In the case of galactogen infection the agent is transmitted by milk.
T
In the case of horizontal infection the agent is spreading between animals of about the
same age.
T
Horizontal infection does not occur in mammals
F
Vertical infection does not occur in mammals.
F
Germinative infection does not occur in mammals.
F
Galactogen infection does not occur in mammals
F
In germinative infection, the placenta is infected by the mother during pregnancy.
F
Germinative infection is a rare form of horizontal infection.
F
In germinative infection, the newborn is infected through the milk.
F
Zoonotic agents can cause disease in animals and humans
T
In the case of cyclozoonoses arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infections
F
If agents are passed from animals to humans, we speak about zoonosis.
T
If humans infect animals we speak about metazoonoses.
F
Cyclozoonoses require an arthropod for transmission
T in File, F in written
In the case of zoonotic diseases animals and humans can infect each other.
T
In the case of saprozoonoses animals and humans are infected from the same source.
T
In case of secondary infection, a bacterium infects an individual, which is already infected with a pathogen
T
In case of secondary infection, a new pathogen infects an already cured animal.
F
In case of secondary infection, two pathogens infect the host simultaneously.
F
In case of secondary infection, one of the agents is always a virus.
F
Facultative pathogenic agents are helped by predisposing factors
T
Stenoxen agents have a wide host range.
F
Euryxen agents have a wide host range
T
An euryxen agent can infect several host species
T
There is no minimum number of agents necessary to infection, because they can replicate in the host
F
Mutations generally result decrease of the virulence.
T
Immunogenicity of the different agents is different
T
There is a minimum number of each agent that is necessary to infect animals
T
A minimum amount of bacteria or viruses is needed to a successful infection
T
Virulence of an agent can be characterized with its LD50 value
T
Pathogenicity means the ability of the agent to cause disease
T
Virulence means the level of pathogenicity.
T
The amount of the agent does not influence the outcome of the infection, since it can
replicate in the host.
F
In the case of optimal way of infection the least amount of agent can cause disease.
T
The virulence of the agents is connected to virulence factors.
T
Virulence is a stable characteristic of an agent.
F
the way of the infection (entrance of the agents) can influence its outcome.
T
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed spontaneously
T
In case of a secondary infection the agent complicates a primary infection.
T
The virulence factors help the agents in causing disease.
T
Virulence variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species.
T
Species specific resistance can be overcome by increasing the number of agents.
F
Within a pathogenic species no avirulent strains can occur.
F
Foetuses can have active immune response.
T
Newborn animals have local immune response
T
Foetuses do not have immune reactions
F
the skin, mucous membranes and mucous are parts of the non specific resistance system of the host.
T
The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals; they cannot live without it
F
Foetuses have no immune response; they appear only in 2-4 week old animals
F
The age of the animals does not influence their susceptibility to a certain agent
F
Susceptibility to a disease can be influenced by age.
T
Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts
T
Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts
T
Species related resistance means that certain agents cannot cause infection in resistant
host species.
T
Certain animal species are resistant against certain agents.
T
Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response
T
Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases.
T
Gastric juice can protect the host from infections.
T
From 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen.
F
There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 4 weeks after birth.
F
Unfavourable environmental effects can predispose animals to diseases caused by facultative pathogenic agents.
T
Nutrition of the animals can influence the appearance of infectious diseases
T
Environmental effects can influence the survival of the agents in the environment
T
Mycotoxins can suppress the activity of the immune system
T
Overcrowding can help the spreading of several infectious diseases.
T
Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases.
T
Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes.
T
The lesions are at the place of entry of the agent in the case of local infections.
T
-
T
Lesions can be seen in different organs in the case of generalised diseases
T
Intra uterine infection can result immune tolerance in the case of some diseases
T
Intra uterine infection can result embryonic death in the case of some diseases
T
Intra uterine infection does not occur since the placenta protects the foetus
F
Fetuses cannot be infested since the placenta completely isolates them
F
The incubation time is the time between the appearance of the clinical signs and death
of the animal
F
The incubation time is the time between infection and the appearance of clinical signs.
T
-
T
Some infective agents have immunosuppressive effect
T
Some infective agents can cause malformation of fetuses.
T
Subacute diseases last one or 2 days.
F
Intra uterine infections does not occur in mammals since the agents cannot penetrate
the placenta.
F
In the case of local infections the lesions can be seen at the site of entry.
T
In the case of generalised infections the agent is generally spreading with blood.
T
In the case of generalised infections the placenta prevents the infection of the foetus.
F
Some agents can spread along the nerves.
T
The agent does not replicate in dead end hosts
F
Dead end hosts do not show clinical signs, they die without signs
F
In the case of latent infection the agents are continuously shed
F
Latent infection happens when the genome of the agent is integrated in the genome of
the host
T
-
F
In latent infection, there is no virus shedding.
T
Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections
F
The animals do not carry the agent after recovery from an infectious disease because the immune system eliminates it.
F
Tolerated infections result in high level of immune reaction.
F
Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can result tolerated infections
T
Infected animals have a high level of antibodies in the case of tolerated infections
F
The agent is not shed in the case of inapparent infections.
F
Dead end hosts do not shed the agent.
T
Asymptomatic infections can become manifest
T
Formation of immune complexes can be a consequence of persistent viral infection
T
When the clinical signs disappear, shedding the agent is finished
F
In the case of an abortive infection no clinical signs will be seen
T
In the case of latent infection only mild clinical signs will be seen
F
Animals with tolerated infection shed the agent
T
Only animals showing clinical signs can shed infective agents.
F
In case of inapparent infections no clinical signs can be seen
T
Latent infection is common in the case of Gram-positive bacteria.
F
In the case of inapperent infections seropositivity can be seen.
T
Inapparent infections cannot be detected in laboratory examinations.
F
In case of abortive infection, the animal always aborts.
F
In case of subclinical infection, the animals can shed the agent
T
Tolerated infection can be demonstrated only by serology.
F
Abortive infection can be demonstrated only by serology.
T
During a tolerated infection the animals are seropositive
F
In the case of latent infection no clinical signs can be seen.
T
Asymptomatic infections cannot be manifest.
F
Animals do not carry the agents after recovery from an infectious disease.
F
Mortality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd.
T
Mortality show what proportion of the diseased animals die.
F
Lethality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the number of diseased
ones.
T
Lethality shows the number of died animals compared to the total number of the herd
F
Prevalence shows the number of diseased animals compared to the total number of the
herd
F
Mortality shows the proportion of dead animals compared to the number of diseases
ones.
F
Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease
T
Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease
T
Pandemic diseases are fast spreading ones; they are fast transmitted between continents
T
Pandemic diseases are spreading fast around the Earth.
T
Pandemic disease occurs in large areas, continents.
T
Endemic diseases occur in a small, limited area including a farm, some farms or a village.
T
Epidemic diseases are fast spreading; they are fast transmitted between continents
F
Pandemic diseases have no tendency to spread.
F
Epidemic diseases are spreading in a larger geographical area e.g. in several countries.
T
Contagious diseases are spreading from one animal to the other.
T
Lethality shows the ratio of dead animals and the total stock.
F
Hemagglutination inhibition test is used for the detection of antigens of certain agents.
F
Genome of agents is detected with PCR
T
Antigens of certain agents can be detected using PCR
F
Surface antigens of certain agents are detected with ELIZA or PCR
F
Infective agents can be detected 2-3days after infection using serological tests
F
Virus Neutralisation test is used for the detection of antigens of the virus
F
Serological tests are used for the detection of antibodies
T
MATSA is used in laboratory diagnosis
T
MATSA is a form of disease
F
Microscopic detection of agents is not used in diagnostic work anymore
F
If an animal is infected laboratory tests always detect the agent.
F
The phase of the pathogenicity can influence the sensitivity of the laboratory tests.
F
Using serological tests, we detect the antibodies produced against the agent.
T
Using virus neutralization test we detect the antibodies produced against the agent.
T
Polymerase chain reaction is used for the detection of antigens of the agent.
F
Post mortem lesions help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis.
T
Epidemiological data help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis.
T
Antibacterial treatment is forbidden in the EU in the case of viral diseases.
F
Individual and mass treatment can be combined in the case of some infectious diseases.
T
Hyperimmune serum can be used for aetiological treatment of certain diseases
T
No aetiological treatment is available in the case of viral diseases
F
Mass treatment using antibiotics is not allowed in the EU.
F
Antibiotics can be used for the aetiological treatment in case of bacterial disease
T
All bacterial agents can be eradicated with antibiotic treatment
F
Antibacterial treatment is used in the case of viral diseases in order to prevent bacterial
complications
T
Antibiotics are used for the treatment of some viral diseases to prevent secondary
infections
T
Antibiotics are generally used to the aetiological treatment of diseases caused by
bacteria.
T
Use of antibiotics in the case of diseases caused by viruses is not allowed because of
antibiotic resistance.
F
Treatment of certain infectious diseases is prohibited.
T
Symptomatic treatment is recommended because it can support healing of the diseased
animals.
T
In case of viral diseases, no antibiotics are given.
F
Antibiotics may be used only until the disappearance of the clinical signs.
F
Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to prevent resistance.
F
There is no anti-viral therapy.
F
Aetiological treatment with anti-bacterial is done, in the case of bacterial diseases.
T
Using hyperimmune sera is usually not justifiable.
T
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must be tested for infections
T
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must only be observed, there is nothing to do with them if they do not show clinical signs
F
Only eggs from the same flock are allowed to be hatches in one hatching machine
T
Eggs of different species can be hatched together; they cannot infect each other thanks
to the different hatching time.
F
All-in-all-out is an important principle in prevention of infectious diseases.
T
Isolation of age groups is an important way of prevention of infectious diseases
T
Isolated keeping of different age groups of the same species cannot prevent spreading
of infectious diseases since all animals of the same species are susceptible to the same
agents.
F
Day-old birds cannot be infected in the hatchery because they are protected by yolk
Immunity.
F
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is continuously decreasing after farrowing
T
Maternal antibodies can inhibit the active immune response.
T
There is no maternal protection in birds.
F
Maternal protection occurs only in mammals.
F
Colostrum is the main way of maternal protection in the case of animals with
epitheliochorial placenta.
T
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days.
T
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks
F
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the
placenta
F
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the
colostrum
T
Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum
T
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is influenced by the nutrition of the dam
T
The protein and antibody content of the colostrum is stable in the first week after
calving
F
Absorption of maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the first three days is not
changing
F
Colostrum is not important in protection of calves since the antibodies can go through
the placenta
F
Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves.
T
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is not changed in the first week after
birth.
F
Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth
F
Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunization.
T
New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies.
F
The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes.
T
The protein content of the colostrum remains high for the first two weeks after giving
birth.
F
The immune globulin content of the colostrum remains high for the first week after
giving birth
F
The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth.
T
Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination.
T
The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth.
T
The enteral absorption of immunoglobulins is about the same for a week after birth.
F
The maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines.
T
Enteral lymphocytes can get from the dam to the newborn animal with colostrum.
T
Animals with epitheliochorial placenta have maternal immunity only from colostrum.
T
The endotheliochorial placenta prevents to transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus
F
Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection.
F
Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains.
T
Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines
T
The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination
T
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines
F
Inactivated vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins
T
The method of vaccination has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccination
F
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines.
T
Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines.
T
Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines.
F
In the case of marker vaccines, the field strains and the vaccine strains can be
differentiated
T
Inactivated vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components
T
The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the new born
animals
F
DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines
F
According to DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated.
T
Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents
T
Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains
T
Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines
T
For safety reasons only inactivated vaccines are used
F
Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence.
T
Live vaccines always contain avirulent agents.
F
Live vaccines can contain attenuated strains.
T
Live vaccines are less effective than the inactivated ones.
F
Live vaccines are dangerous, they are not on the market any more.
F
Live vaccines are not used in Europe any more.
F
Live vaccines do not provide good immunity.
F
Marker vaccines are used to mark the site of vaccination.
F
It is not allowed to use inactivated deletion vaccines in the EU.
F
Live vaccines contain attenuated or avirulent agents.
T
The agent in a vaccine can influence the level of the immune response of vaccinated
animals.
T
If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated.
T
Using marker vaccines, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated.
T
Use of marker vaccines can be combined with “test and remove” eradication.
T
Marker vaccines are marked with dyes
F
The immune response produced by an attenuated vaccine is low.
F
Some attenuated vaccine strains can be immunosuppressive.
T
Attenuated vaccines induced a quick immune response.
T
Vaccines containing attenuated strains are not used anymore
F
The amount of antigen in the vaccine has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccine.
F
Eradication with selection method is not done nowadays
F
Newborn animals must be kept isolated when eradication with generation shift is used
T
Eradication with generation shift cannot be used if the level of infection is high in the
herd
F
Eradication using generation shift method is mainly used in Poultry
F
Implantation of washed embryos from a non infected dam into infected one is a way of
eradication
F
Implantation of washed embryos from a infected dam into non-infected one is a way of
eradication
T
Eradication using the generation shift method is mainly used in pig herds
F
In the case of generation shift the infected animals must be slaughtered at the beginning
of the eradication procedure.
F
Eradication using selection method can be combined with vaccination
T
In the case of generation shift the young animals must be isolated from the dam at the
age of 1-3 days
T
Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of
infection
T
When eradication is made with selection method, the infected animals are removed
from the herd
T
Selection, generation shift and herd replacement can be used for eradication
T
Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds
T
Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF
method
F
Certain diseases can be eradicated with generation shift
T
Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease
F
Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradiation of a disease
T
Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious diseases, when we remove
infected animals.
T
In the case of generation shift, newborn animals are separated from the dam and kept isolated.
T
Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected.
F
The selection method cannot be combined vaccination.
F
Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level of
infection
T
There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment.
T
In the case of generation shift newborn animals have to be kept isolated from the parent animals
T
In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals.
T
In the case of selection method of eradication the infected animals are taken out of the herd.
T
If eradication is made by selection method, vaccination is forbidden
F
Early weaning is necessary if generation shift method of eradication is used.
T
Generation shift is a frequently used eradication method in swine.
F
Generation shift is a method of eradication of a disease.
T
In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated.
T
In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are
eliminated.
F
In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used.
F
Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore.
F
Selection (test and remove) is not used to eradicate a disease anymore
F
