General Knowledge Flashcards
Stabilized Approach
Pilot has established and maintains a constant angle glide path towards a predetermined point on the landing runway
Lost Comm procedures:
US
International (radar vs non radar)
Pacific Track
North Atlantic Track
US - AVEFAME
International:
Radar contact - maintain last assigned speed and level for 7 minutes before following flight plan
Non Radar contact - maintain last assigned speed and level for 20 min before following flight plan
Pacific Track - Maintain last assigned flight level for 60 min before following flight plan
NAT - maintain oceanic level and speed , any step climbs must not be executed
Mixed Ice
Combination of clear and rime
Emergency Fuel
Point where it is necessary to proceed directly to the airport of intended landing due to low fuel.
Declaration of Emergency fuel is an explicit statement that priority handling is both required and expected.
Light Icing
Rate of icing of .25 - 1 inch per hour
No change of course or altitude is necessary and no loss of airspeed occurs
Rime Ice
Rough and opaque, formed by supercooled drops rapidly freezing on impact.
Forming mostly along an airfoil’s stagnation point, it generally conforms to the shape of the airfoil.
Min Fuel
Indicates fuel supply is at the point, where upon reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay.
Not an emergency
SLOP
Strategic Lateral offset procedure
Allows aircraft to offset the centerline of an airway or flight route by a small amount, normally to the right, so that collision with opposite direction aircraft becomes unlikely.
In the North Atlantic Region pilots are expected to fly along the oceanic track centerline or 1-2 nm to the right.
Va
Design maneuvering speed. Above which it is unwise to make full application of any single flight control as it may generate a force greater than the aircraft’s structural limitations.
V1
Speed beyond which the take-off should be longer be aborted.
(Can stop on remaining runway)
Lost comm procedures
Squawk 7600
AVEF-AME
Route based on last: Assigned Vectored Expected Filed
Altitude based on highest of:
Assigned
Min enroute
Expected
Moderate Icing
1-3” per hour
Ice accumulation continues to occur, but not at a rate sufficient to affect safety unless it continues for an extended period of time, but airspeed may be lost.
Frost Ice
A result of water freezing on unprotected surfaces while the aircraft is stationary.
Vmo / Mmo
Max operating limit speed. Exceeding Vmo may trigger an over speed alarm
SLD Ice
Ice formed in supercooled large droplet conditions.
Similar to clear ice, but because droplet size is large, it extends to unprotected parts of the aircraft and forms large shapes, faster than normal icing conditions.
V2
Takeoff safety speed
Speed must be attained by 35’ at the end of the runway
Best one-engine inoperative angle of climb
Vmcg
Min speed, while on the ground, that directional control can be maintained, using only aerodynamic controls
Vmca
Min speed, whilst in the air, that directional control can be maintained with one engine inoperative.
Transition Altitude
Below Transition level
Set local altimeter
Severe Icing
Either rate of ice accumulation exceed the tolerance of the aircraft
Seriously affects the performance and maneuverability of an aircraft
What is TEM
Threat and Error Management
FAA part 121 fuel required for flight with no alternate
Must have enough fuel, considering winds and weather, to fly to destination and thereafter for 2 hours at normal cruising speed.
Plus Required contingency fuel
FAA part 121 fuel requirements International (Flag) fuel reserve
Enroute, plus alternate, plus 10%, plus 30min at holding speed at 1500’ at alternate airport, or destination airport if no alternate is required.
Dep to Dest + 10% + Alternate + 30 min hold @ 1500’
FAA 121 fuel requirements domestic
Dep to Dest + Alt + 45 min
Vr
Rotation speed
In the event of an engine failure, Vr must allow for acceleration to V2 at screen height (35’ AGL at departure end)
Wet runway
When runway surface is covered with water, or equivalent, less than specified for contaminated runway
Or when the surface appears reflective but without significant areas of standing water.
Clear Ice
Clear and smooth. Supercooled water droplets, or freezing rain, strike a surface but do not freeze instantly.
Often “horns” or protrusions are formed and project into the airflow
Transition Level
Above the Transition Altitude
Set 2992
FAA fuel requirements part 121 enroute fuel reserve
Must have enough fuel to fly to destination and alternate airport plus 10% of total time from departure to destination
Required Contingency Fuel
- Fuel to account for forecast wind and weather
- Fuel for one instrument approach and missed approach
- Anticipated traffic delays
- Any other condition that may delay the landing of the aircraft
