General Infection Cards Flashcards
What are the types of antigens on E.coli
O: cell wall antigens
H: flagella antigens
K: polysaccharide capsule antigens
What are the commensals on the skin
Staphylococcus aureus
Would enter the skin when there is damages, can lead to internal infection
What types of bacteria would be exotoxins
The gram positive bacteria
Staph aureus
Clostridium teniti
Clostridium botulinum
Strep pyrogenes
What types for bacteria would be the endotoxins
Gran negative bacteria
What types of bacteria would be enterotoxins
Vibro cholera
E.coli
Staph aureus
What can e.coli cause
The UTIs
How would you test for E.coli
Dipstick test
Nitrite and leukocyte postive
If negative would be because it’s from a grams positive bacteria (staphylococcus saprophyticus)
What bacteria would cause pneumonia
Strep pneumonia
Staph aureus
Haemophilus influenza
What type of virus would parvovirus be
The SS DNA non-enveloped virus
What type of virus would herpes be
The DS DNA enveloped
What type of virus would adenovirus and HPV be
The DS dna non-enveloped
What type of virus would Ebola and influenza be
The SS RNA negative enveloped
What type of virus would rotavirus be
The DS RNA postive non-enveloped
What microorganisms can cause endocarditis
The staphylococcus viridans
Microorganisms ion the mouth
What type of proteins would be used for MHC1 AND 2
MHC1: endogenous
MHC 2: exogenous
What would be the mechanism of MHC1
APC
Cancer cells of the virus cells
Would engulf pathogen, antigens on the surface
Would have the cytotoxins that would apoptosis
FasL and Fas would allow apoptosis
What would the c3a and c5a proteins of the complement system do
Attract the phagocytes to the area
What would the c3b and c5b do
Would be opsonises
What bacteria would cause the common community pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumonia
What bacteria would cause pneumonia when have a predisposed factor
Staphylococcus aureus
What is staphylococcus aureus in relation to catalase and coagulase
Positive catalase
Positive coagulase
What is staph epidermis in relation to catalase and coagulase
Catalase positive
Coagulase negative
What is streptococcus and staph pneumonia in relation to catalase and coagulase
Catalase negative
Coagulase negative
What other bacteria can cause e.coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
How can you tell the difference between the E.coli and the staph saprophyticus infections for a UTI
E.coli would be nitrite positive
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is nitrite negative
Why is vancomycin a good antibiotic to use for clostridium difficle
Would not be absorbed
C.diff acts in the intestine so would be able to go there and all can be used
What type of virus is adenovirus
The double stranded DNA non-enveloped virus
What is the function of the gram negative bacteria that would cause sepsis
Gram negative would have the endotoxins
They would die and release the liposaccrides
They would then stimulate the cytokines
Would lead to al the issues
How would staph aureus cause the pneumonia
Comensal
So when would have the broken skin, could get into the lungs
What would mainly be used to treat pneumonia (strep pneumonia)
Amoxicillin/clauvante
What would not be killed by the alcohol gels
Spores
Hep a
What disease could dental treatment cause
The endocarditis
Would need to the antibiotic prophylaxis (stops the infections of the bacteria)
What is neutropenia and what would it be caused by
The low neutrophils
Chemotherapy (would kill the neutrophils)
Abnormal tachycardia, hypotension, diarrhoea
What can be used to treat neutropenia
The Tazocin (mainly for the gran negative)
After 48 hours would want to use the vancomycin (would be more broad)
What is legionnaires disease
Would be gram negative rods
Intracellular parasite
Would live on the body’s of water
Would lead to the chest infections
What are NK cells and cytotoxic T-cells
Cells of the adaptive immune system that would drive the cell to apoptosis
What is the verification system on the NK cells and the cytotoxic T cells
The FAS L and the FAS
FAS L - on the T cell
FAS - on the pathogen
Without the fasL/FAS would not have apoptosis
What enzymes are made by the NK cells and the cytotoxic T cells
Perforin and granzymes
What is the function of perforin and granzymes
They would punch holes in the cell membranes and that would lead to the death of the pathogen
What interleukin do t-cells produce no what does it do
The IL-2
Would be the CD25 receptor
Allows the Proliferation of the T cells
What are 2 ways that T-cells would recognise self antigens
Attach to the B-cell and would activate it when they recognise the antigen presented as self
In the thymus, if they recognise the antigens on the dendritic cells (as they would be recognising the self antigens here)
What is the mediacation given for Neisseria meningitidis and why
Ceftriaxone as would be able to penetrate the csf best
(Neisseria gram negative diplocci)
Where would Neisseria meningitidis be found
Nasopharyngeal region
What are cytotoxic T cells
Attach to the CD8 cells
Need MHC1 to act
Would produce the perforin and the granzymes
What type of bacteria is clostridium difficle and what would you use to treat
Gram positive bacillius
Cephalosporins or vancomycin (oral)
What type of bacteria is Neisseria meningitidis
Gram negative diploccoci
What is the function of erythromycin.
No protein synthesis
Can be used instead of penicillin and would allow the intracellular penetration
What are the types of bacteria resistance
Intrinsic - would not have a sight for the antibiotic to work
Acquired - would have mutation or no sight for the antibiotic to work
Adaptive - when would become exposed to the antibiotic
What are bacteriostatic antibiotics
Would stop the growth and replication of the bacteria
What is the mechanism of doxycycline
Stops protein synthesis
Used for parasites (p.falciparum)
What bacteria can be used to treat e.colis
Cephalosporins
