General deck 3 Flashcards
Systolic murmur head over apex:
mitral prolapse
Low pitched murmur on rt side of sternum:
aortic stenosis
Left peri-sternal diastolic murmur:
tricuspid stenosis
Ejection click in late systolic in standing position:
mitral regulation
S1 splitting:
usually heard near tricuspid location, AV valves out of sync
Physiological S2 splitting:
S2 during inspiration (normal in children and athletes heard best on pulmonic valve site)
Pathological S2 splitting:
S2 always split, caused by hypertension
S4 arterial gallop:
arterial gallop, heard at apex, associated with pulmonic stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. always pathological
Midsystolic murmur:
semilunar stenosis
Pansystolic murmur:
AV regurgitation (pan means all through systole (S1 and S2)
Stills murmur:
innocent” murmur heard in children
Machinery murmur:
patent ductus arteriosis, persistent opening between two major blood vessels exiting heart after birth
Atrial flutter or fibrillation:
strong association with clot formation (stroke potential)
1st sign of heart failure:
fatigue
Right sided heart failure is called:
cor pulmonale
Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale) is caused by:
pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure (fatigue)
Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale) is results in:
edema, portal hypertension, jugular distension
Left sided heart failure is:
congestive heart failure
Left sided heart failure (congestive heart failure) is caused by:
systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular failure(fatigue)
Left sided heart failure (congestive heart failure) results in:
pulmonary edema and effusion, pulmonary hypertension, inspiratory and expiratory crackles
Cardiac output =
one minute of ventricle output
Stroke volume =
one beat of ventricle output
Cuff sound aka:
Korotkoff
cuff problems =
high readings
Ausculatory gap usually indicates
hypertension
Bruits and thrills indicate:
turbulence
Pericarditis:
inflammation around the heart, rub present (4th intercostal)
Endocarditis:
infection of the heart muscle itself (strep most common)
EKG aka ECG evaluates:
heart rhythms (MI, arrhythmias)
Echocardiogram evaluates:
chamber size and fluid (murmurs, CHF, carditis)
MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: immediate
troponin
MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: after 1 hour
CK - MB (CPK)
MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: after 2-3 hours
SGOT / AST
MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: after 2-3 days
LDH
Decreased ADH:
posterior pituitary, diabtetes insipidus (polyuria and polydipsia)
Decreased insulin:
tail of the pancreas, diabetes mellitus (polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia)
Diabetic coma:
Kussmaul’s breathing, fruity breath, ketoacidosis
Decreased adrenocorticoids:
Addison’s
Addison’s:
weight loss, hypotension, bronze skin
Increased adrenocorticoids:
Cushing’s, aka hypercortisolism aka hyperadrenocorticism
Cushing’s:
weight gain, hypertension, moon face, buffalo hump, hirsutism
Increased parathormone (primary)
MC, Post menopausal female, hypercalcemia, excessive bone resorption
Increased parathormone (secondary)
Renal osteodystorphy, Kidney disease causes feekback malfunction, chronic parathiroid function, hypercalcemia, bone resorption, calcified vessels
Hyperthyroid (thyroiditis) primary
MC aka myxdemia, usually autoimmune, hashimoto, decreased T3/T4
Hyperthyroid (thyroiditis) secondary
Rare, decreased TRH and TSH
Hyperthyroid (thyroiditis) cretenism
child, congenital, mental deficient, female 3:1
Hyperthyorid (thyrotoxosis)
Graves, MC, autoimmune, associated with DM, pernicious anemia, collagen diseases
Decreased T3/T4:
Myxedema
Myxedema:
weight gain, constipation, edema, dry skin, brittle
Increased T3/T4:
Grave’s
Grave’s:
weight loss, diarrhea, anxiety, moist skin, soft hair
Hashimoto:
autoimmune, early hyperthyroid, late hypothyroid
Decreased Vit D in a child:
Rickets
Decreased Vit D in an adult:
osteomalacia
Primary bone cancers:
Multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, Ewing’s
Secondary bone cancers:
blastic mets, lytic mets
Temporary increased in blood calcium can include:
Adson’s, hyperthyroid, immobilization, excessive fractures, diuretics, respiratory acidosis
Hypercalcemia (hypophosphatemia) types (5)
- Secondary hyperparathyoridism (renal osteodystrophy) 2. Bone cancer 3. Hyperthyroid (parafililicular cells increase osteclastic activity) 4. Adisons, hyperthyroid, immobilization, excessive fractures 5. Diuretics, respiratory acedosis
Hypocalcemia (hyperphosphatemia) types (2)
- Hypovitaminosis D (Rickets and osteomalacia) 2. Hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, alkalosis, diarrhea, acute pancreatitis.
