General deck 3

Question 1

Systolic murmur head over apex:

Answer 1

mitral prolapse

Question 2

Low pitched murmur on rt side of sternum:

Answer 2

aortic stenosis

Question 3

Left peri-sternal diastolic murmur:

Answer 3

tricuspid stenosis

Question 4

Ejection click in late systolic in standing position:

Answer 4

mitral regulation

Question 5

S1 splitting:

Answer 5

usually heard near tricuspid location, AV valves out of sync

Question 6

Physiological S2 splitting:

Answer 6

S2 during inspiration (normal in children and athletes heard best on pulmonic valve site)

Question 7

Pathological S2 splitting:

Answer 7

S2 always split, caused by hypertension

Question 8

S4 arterial gallop:

Answer 8

arterial gallop, heard at apex, associated with pulmonic stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. always pathological

Question 9

Midsystolic murmur:

Answer 9

semilunar stenosis

Question 10

Pansystolic murmur:

Answer 10

AV regurgitation (pan means all through systole (S1 and S2)

Question 11

Stills murmur:

Answer 11

innocent” murmur heard in children

Question 12

Machinery murmur:

Answer 12

patent ductus arteriosis, persistent opening between two major blood vessels exiting heart after birth

Question 13

Atrial flutter or fibrillation:

Answer 13

strong association with clot formation (stroke potential)

Question 14

1st sign of heart failure:

Answer 14

fatigue

Question 15

Right sided heart failure is called:

Answer 15

cor pulmonale

Question 16

Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale) is caused by:

Answer 16

pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure (fatigue)

Question 17

Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale) is results in:

Answer 17

edema, portal hypertension, jugular distension

Question 18

Left sided heart failure is:

Answer 18

congestive heart failure

Question 19

Left sided heart failure (congestive heart failure) is caused by:

Answer 19

systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular failure(fatigue)

Question 20

Left sided heart failure (congestive heart failure) results in:

Answer 20

pulmonary edema and effusion, pulmonary hypertension, inspiratory and expiratory crackles

Question 21

Cardiac output =

Answer 21

one minute of ventricle output

Question 22

Stroke volume =

Answer 22

one beat of ventricle output

Question 23

Cuff sound aka:

Answer 23

Korotkoff

Question 24

cuff problems =

Answer 24

high readings

Question 25

Ausculatory gap usually indicates

Answer 25

hypertension

Question 26

Bruits and thrills indicate:

Answer 26

turbulence

Question 27

Pericarditis:

Answer 27

inflammation around the heart, rub present (4th intercostal)

Question 28

Endocarditis:

Answer 28

infection of the heart muscle itself (strep most common)

Question 29

EKG aka ECG evaluates:

Answer 29

heart rhythms (MI, arrhythmias)

Question 30

Echocardiogram evaluates:

Answer 30

chamber size and fluid (murmurs, CHF, carditis)

Question 31

MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: immediate

Answer 31

troponin

Question 32

MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: after 1 hour

Answer 32

CK - MB (CPK)

Question 33

MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: after 2-3 hours

Answer 33

SGOT / AST

Question 34

MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: after 2-3 days

Answer 34

LDH

Question 35

Decreased ADH:

Answer 35

posterior pituitary, diabtetes insipidus (polyuria and polydipsia)

Question 36

Decreased insulin:

Answer 36

tail of the pancreas, diabetes mellitus (polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia)

Question 37

Diabetic coma:

Answer 37

Kussmaul’s breathing, fruity breath, ketoacidosis

Question 38

Decreased adrenocorticoids:

Answer 38

Addison’s

Question 39

Addison’s:

Answer 39

weight loss, hypotension, bronze skin

Question 40

Increased adrenocorticoids:

Answer 40

Cushing’s, aka hypercortisolism aka hyperadrenocorticism

Question 41

Cushing’s:

Answer 41

weight gain, hypertension, moon face, buffalo hump, hirsutism

Question 42

Increased parathormone (primary)

Answer 42

MC, Post menopausal female, hypercalcemia, excessive bone resorption

Question 43

Increased parathormone (secondary)

Answer 43

Renal osteodystorphy, Kidney disease causes feekback malfunction, chronic parathiroid function, hypercalcemia, bone resorption, calcified vessels

Question 44

Hyperthyroid (thyroiditis) primary

Answer 44

MC aka myxdemia, usually autoimmune, hashimoto, decreased T3/T4

Question 45

Hyperthyroid (thyroiditis) secondary

Answer 45

Rare, decreased TRH and TSH

Question 46

Hyperthyroid (thyroiditis) cretenism

Answer 46

child, congenital, mental deficient, female 3:1

Question 47

Hyperthyorid (thyrotoxosis)

Answer 47

Graves, MC, autoimmune, associated with DM, pernicious anemia, collagen diseases

Question 48

Decreased T3/T4:

Answer 48

Myxedema

Question 49

Myxedema:

Answer 49

weight gain, constipation, edema, dry skin, brittle

Question 50

Increased T3/T4:

Answer 50

Grave’s

Question 51

Grave’s:

Answer 51

weight loss, diarrhea, anxiety, moist skin, soft hair

Question 52

Hashimoto:

Answer 52

autoimmune, early hyperthyroid, late hypothyroid

Question 53

Decreased Vit D in a child:

Answer 53

Rickets

Question 54

Decreased Vit D in an adult:

Answer 54

osteomalacia

Question 55

Primary bone cancers:

Answer 55

Multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, Ewing’s

Question 56

Secondary bone cancers:

Answer 56

blastic mets, lytic mets

Question 57

Temporary increased in blood calcium can include:

Answer 57

Adson’s, hyperthyroid, immobilization, excessive fractures, diuretics, respiratory acidosis

Question 58

Hypercalcemia (hypophosphatemia) types (5)

Answer 58

1. Secondary hyperparathyoridism (renal osteodystrophy) 2. Bone cancer 3. Hyperthyroid (parafililicular cells increase osteclastic activity) 4. Adisons, hyperthyroid, immobilization, excessive fractures 5. Diuretics, respiratory acedosis

Question 59

Hypocalcemia (hyperphosphatemia) types (2)

Answer 59

1. Hypovitaminosis D (Rickets and osteomalacia) 2. Hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, alkalosis, diarrhea, acute pancreatitis.