General deck 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Systolic murmur head over apex:

A

mitral prolapse

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2
Q

Low pitched murmur on rt side of sternum:

A

aortic stenosis

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3
Q

Left peri-sternal diastolic murmur:

A

tricuspid stenosis

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4
Q

Ejection click in late systolic in standing position:

A

mitral regulation

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5
Q

S1 splitting:

A

usually heard near tricuspid location, AV valves out of sync

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6
Q

Physiological S2 splitting:

A

S2 during inspiration (normal in children and athletes heard best on pulmonic valve site)

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7
Q

Pathological S2 splitting:

A

S2 always split, caused by hypertension

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8
Q

S4 arterial gallop:

A

arterial gallop, heard at apex, associated with pulmonic stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. always pathological

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9
Q

Midsystolic murmur:

A

semilunar stenosis

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10
Q

Pansystolic murmur:

A

AV regurgitation (pan means all through systole (S1 and S2)

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11
Q

Stills murmur:

A

innocent” murmur heard in children

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12
Q

Machinery murmur:

A

patent ductus arteriosis, persistent opening between two major blood vessels exiting heart after birth

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13
Q

Atrial flutter or fibrillation:

A

strong association with clot formation (stroke potential)

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14
Q

1st sign of heart failure:

A

fatigue

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15
Q

Right sided heart failure is called:

A

cor pulmonale

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16
Q

Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale) is caused by:

A

pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure (fatigue)

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17
Q

Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale) is results in:

A

edema, portal hypertension, jugular distension

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18
Q

Left sided heart failure is:

A

congestive heart failure

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19
Q

Left sided heart failure (congestive heart failure) is caused by:

A

systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular failure(fatigue)

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20
Q

Left sided heart failure (congestive heart failure) results in:

A

pulmonary edema and effusion, pulmonary hypertension, inspiratory and expiratory crackles

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21
Q

Cardiac output =

A

one minute of ventricle output

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22
Q

Stroke volume =

A

one beat of ventricle output

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23
Q

Cuff sound aka:

A

Korotkoff

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24
Q

cuff problems =

A

high readings

25
Ausculatory gap usually indicates
hypertension
26
Bruits and thrills indicate:
turbulence
27
Pericarditis:
inflammation around the heart, rub present (4th intercostal)
28
Endocarditis:
infection of the heart muscle itself (strep most common)
29
EKG aka ECG evaluates:
heart rhythms (MI, arrhythmias)
30
Echocardiogram evaluates:
chamber size and fluid (murmurs, CHF, carditis)
31
MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: immediate
troponin
32
MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: after 1 hour
CK - MB (CPK)
33
MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: after 2-3 hours
SGOT / AST
34
MI (or necrosis) elevated enzyme: after 2-3 days
LDH
35
Decreased ADH:
posterior pituitary, diabtetes insipidus (polyuria and polydipsia)
36
Decreased insulin:
tail of the pancreas, diabetes mellitus (polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia)
37
Diabetic coma:
Kussmaul's breathing, fruity breath, ketoacidosis
38
Decreased adrenocorticoids:
Addison's
39
Addison's:
weight loss, hypotension, bronze skin
40
Increased adrenocorticoids:
Cushing's, aka hypercortisolism aka hyperadrenocorticism
41
Cushing's:
weight gain, hypertension, moon face, buffalo hump, hirsutism
42
Increased parathormone (primary)
MC, Post menopausal female, hypercalcemia, excessive bone resorption
43
Increased parathormone (secondary)
Renal osteodystorphy, Kidney disease causes feekback malfunction, chronic parathiroid function, hypercalcemia, bone resorption, calcified vessels
44
Hyperthyroid (thyroiditis) primary
MC aka myxdemia, usually autoimmune, hashimoto, decreased T3/T4
45
Hyperthyroid (thyroiditis) secondary
Rare, decreased TRH and TSH
46
Hyperthyroid (thyroiditis) cretenism
child, congenital, mental deficient, female 3:1
47
Hyperthyorid (thyrotoxosis)
Graves, MC, autoimmune, associated with DM, pernicious anemia, collagen diseases
48
Decreased T3/T4:
Myxedema
49
Myxedema:
weight gain, constipation, edema, dry skin, brittle
50
Increased T3/T4:
Grave's
51
Grave's:
weight loss, diarrhea, anxiety, moist skin, soft hair
52
Hashimoto:
autoimmune, early hyperthyroid, late hypothyroid
53
Decreased Vit D in a child:
Rickets
54
Decreased Vit D in an adult:
osteomalacia
55
Primary bone cancers:
Multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's
56
Secondary bone cancers:
blastic mets, lytic mets
57
Temporary increased in blood calcium can include:
Adson's, hyperthyroid, immobilization, excessive fractures, diuretics, respiratory acidosis
58
Hypercalcemia (hypophosphatemia) types (5)
1. Secondary hyperparathyoridism (renal osteodystrophy) 2. Bone cancer 3. Hyperthyroid (parafililicular cells increase osteclastic activity) 4. Adisons, hyperthyroid, immobilization, excessive fractures 5. Diuretics, respiratory acedosis
59
Hypocalcemia (hyperphosphatemia) types (2)
1. Hypovitaminosis D (Rickets and osteomalacia) 2. Hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, alkalosis, diarrhea, acute pancreatitis.