General Biology : Sir Nico's Materials Cell Modification Flashcards
A type of cell modification that is found on the apical surface of the cell. Functions may include secretion, absorption, movement of luminal contents, locomotion, sensing, and in some organisms, ingestion.
Apical Modification
a. Villi/Microvilli
b. Pseudopods
c. Cilia
d. Flagella
e. Root hair
VPCFR
Very Powerful Channel For Real
Function for intercellular connections with the adjacent/neighboring cells.
Lateral Modifications
a. Tight Junctions
b. Adherens/Adhering Junction
c. Gap Junction
TAG
Found on the basal surface of the cell for anchorage and/or attachment.
Basal Modifications
a. Desmosomes
b. Hemidesmosomes
c. Basal infoldings
DHB
Department of Hover Board
Structure:
o Finger-like cytoplasmic extensions
o Each villus has lacteal (tiny lymphatic vessels that absorb
fatty acids and glycerol)
o One-cell thick to increase the diffusion rate
o Has blood capillary that absorbs glucose and amino acids
o Cells on the villi are packed with microvilli
Villi
Present in:
o Apical surface of epithelial cells like in small intestine
Villi
Functions:
o Provides a short distance for the diffusion of food
molecules in the blood
o Increases surface area for absorption
Villi
Structure:
o Elongated, motile structures on the surface of some
epithelial cells; short hair-like projections
o Made up of microtubules (axoneme: central core)
o Each cilium is connected to a basal body and extends from the free surface
o Exhibits rapid back-and-forth movement
Cilia
Present in:
o Paramecium and Balantidium, mammalian
oviduct (respiratory tract: lungs, trachea, paranasal sinus
mucosa, primary bronchus)
Cilia
Cillia is present in?
-Paramecium
-Balantidium
- Mammalian oviduct
- Respiratory tract: lungs, trachea, paranasal sinus
mucosa, primary bronchus
PBMR
Pinistol ni Bryan Mendoza si Robert
Functions:
o move mammalian ova through oviducts
o clean debris from the respiratory systems of mammals
o locomotion (for protozoa)
Cilia
Cillia Locomotion for?
Protozoa
Structure:
o Tail-like projections that protrude from the cell body
o Bundle of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding two
central microtubules
o Same axial structure with cilia but much longer
Flagella
Present in:
o Sperm cell (spermatozoa- only flagellated cell in human
body)
o Mastigophora: Trypanosoma, Trichomonas, Giardia
leishmania
o also occur on the gametes of algae, fungi, mosses and
slime molds
Flagella
Flagell: Mastigophora
-Trypanosoma
-Trichomonas
-Giardia leishmania
TTGl
TarTaGlia
Function:
o locomotion
Flagella
Structure:
o Long tubular-shaped outgrowths from root epidermal cells
Root Hair
about 10 micrometers in diameter
Root Hair
Present in Plant roots
Root hair
o Aid in plant nutrient acquisition, anchorage, and microbe
interaction
o increase the root’s surface area.
Root Hair
intercellular adhesion complexes (predominantly two
proteins called claudins and occludins) in epithelia and
endothelia
Tight Junctions
Present in:
o organs (such as skin), blood vessels, and cavities.
o Bladder and intestine
Tight Junctions
Tight Junctions is present in?
- Organs (such as skin),
- Blood vessels
- Cavities.
- Bladder
- Intestine
OBCBI
Order ni Baron Cruz Binili sa Iceland
o Form the border between the apical and basolateral cell
surface domains
Tight Junctions
o establish a barrier that prevents extracellular fluid across a
layer of epithelial cells.
o Prevents leakage of the contents
Tight Junctions
Structure:
o Has cadherin receptors that bridge the neighboring plasma
membranes
Adherens Junction
Present in:
o Just below tight junctions; epithelial tissues
adherens Junction
Function:
o maintain the physical association between cells
o Preserve tissue integrity by linking cells and connecting to
actin filaments
Adherens Junction
Structure:
o composed of two connexons, also known as hemichannels
that line up across the intercellular space.
Gap Junctions
Two connexons of Gap Junction that line up across the intercellular space
Hemichannels
Present in:
o epithelia, nerves, cardiac (heart) muscle, and smooth
muscle (such as that of the intestines).
Gap Junctions
Gap Junction is present in?
- Epithelia
- Nerves
- Cardiac Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
ENCS
Enter New Clan Master Sine Master
Functions:
o allow for electrical communication between cells, and also
allow the passage of small second messengers.
o when heart cells need to beat in unison, it allows for the
transmission of electrical signals between the cells.
Gap Junctions
Structure:
o cadherins in the plasma membrane connect to
intermediate filaments
Desmosomes
Present in:
o skin epidermis lymphatic endothelial cells
Desmosomes
Functions:
o anchoring sites for ropelike intermediate filaments, which
form a structural framework of great tensile strength
o act like spot welds between adjacent epithelial cells,
connecting them
o maintain the cells in a sheet-like formation in organs and
tissues that stretch, such as the skin, heart, and muscles.
o Offer a little bit of space for stress release.
Desmosomes
o supports the epithelium and also functions as a passive
molecular sieve or ultrafilter.
o These increase surface area for ion transport.
o Present in mitochondria
Basal Infoldings
o Functions similarly to desmosomes but it specifically
attaches the cell to the basement membrane
o Consists of integrin
Hemidesmosomes
o cell extensions used for movement and feeding
o They also help in sensing targets which can then be
engulfed made up of actin filaments, microtubules and
intermediate filaments.
o Commonly present in amoeba
Pseudopods
Pseudopods is commonly present in?
Amoeba
o Bundle of ________ pairs of microtubules surrounding two
central microtubules
Flagella - Nine Pairs
