general

Question 1

what is the drug class of indapamide?

Answer 1

thiazide-like diuretic

Question 2

When a person moves from a supine position to a standing position, what compensatory mechanisms occur?

Answer 2

Increased heart rate mediated by a decrease in parasympathetic tone via the vagal nerve and the release of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla.

Question 3

what type of heart failure is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea related to?

Answer 3

left sided

Question 4

what is kussmaul’s sign?

Answer 4

paradoxical rise in JVP with inspiration

Question 5

what is the most common cause of cardiomyopathy?

Answer 5

genetic

Question 6

what are the 4 main types of cardiomyopathy?

Answer 6

dilated
hypertrophic
restrictive
arrhythmogenic right ventricular

Question 7

what is a side effect of digoxin?

Answer 7

more ectopic beats.

Question 8

what is orthopnea?

Answer 8

difficulty breathing when lying down

Question 9

what are the 4 types of shock?

Answer 9

cardiogenic
septic
anaphylactic
hypovolaemic

Question 10

what is cardiogenic shock?

Answer 10

mechanical or electrical failure of the ventricles, eg due to cardiac tamponade or post MI.

Question 11

what is septic shock?

Answer 11

vasodilation due to bacterial toxins leading to a drop in blood pressure

Question 12

in a young fit healthy person, how much of their blood can be lost before their blood pressure starts to drop?

Answer 12

about 30%.

Question 13

when does ability to compensate for blood loss drop?

Answer 13

old age
myocardial or respiratory diseases
drugs eg beta blockers

Question 14

what is sick euthyroid syndrome?

Answer 14

changes in serum thyroid hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with acute illness not caused by an intrinsic abnormality of thyroid. can cause hyper or hypo thyroidism.

Question 15

what is in the u and e test?

Answer 15

urea
bicarbonate
chloride
potassium
sodium

Question 16

what drug improves outcomes in bacterial meningitis?

Answer 16

Dexamethasone improves outcomes (by reducing neurological sequelae) in the treatment of bacterial meningitis

Question 17

what is behcet’s syndrome?

Answer 17

complex multisystem disorder associated with presumed autoimmune-mediated inflammation of the arteries and veins.
classic triad of symptoms are oral ulcers, genital ulcers and anterior uveitis

Question 18

what mediates the types of hypersensitivity and examples of each?

Answer 18

type 1-IgE , eg anaphylaxis
type 2-IgG, eg blood transfusion reactions
type 3-immune complexes, eg SLE, RA
type 4-cell mediated eg contact dermatitis

Question 19

what are the ages for consent in young people according to the GMC?

Answer 19

16 and over-treat them like an adult
13-16-have to assess fraser competence
under 13-illegal, social services involvement

Question 20

what is the most common surgery done for rectal tumours?

Answer 20

anterior resection-usually done except for lower rectal tumours

Question 21

what is the presentation of lymphoma?

Answer 21

rubbery, painless lymphadenopathy
can have associated night sweats/splenomegaly

Question 22

how can you identify thyroid swelling?

Answer 22

moves upwards on swallowing

Question 23

how does thyroglossal cyst usually present?

Answer 23

more common in patients <20yo
moves upwards with protrusion of tongue

Question 24

what is the presentation of a branchial cyst?

Answer 24

oval, mobile cyst between SCM and pharynx
usually present in early adulthood

Question 25

where does TPN go?

Answer 25

central vein

Question 26

what is cataplexy?

Answer 26

sudden muscle weakness while you’re awake due to strong emotions

Question 27

what is the most dangerous PE?

Answer 27

saddle embolus. forms where pulmonary arteries divide -blocks both sides-no blood supply at all to lungs