general Flashcards
what is the drug class of indapamide?
thiazide-like diuretic
When a person moves from a supine position to a standing position, what compensatory mechanisms occur?
Increased heart rate mediated by a decrease in parasympathetic tone via the vagal nerve and the release of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla.
what type of heart failure is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea related to?
left sided
what is kussmaul’s sign?
paradoxical rise in JVP with inspiration
what is the most common cause of cardiomyopathy?
genetic
what are the 4 main types of cardiomyopathy?
dilated
hypertrophic
restrictive
arrhythmogenic right ventricular
what is a side effect of digoxin?
more ectopic beats.
what is orthopnea?
difficulty breathing when lying down
what are the 4 types of shock?
cardiogenic
septic
anaphylactic
hypovolaemic
what is cardiogenic shock?
mechanical or electrical failure of the ventricles, eg due to cardiac tamponade or post MI.
what is septic shock?
vasodilation due to bacterial toxins leading to a drop in blood pressure
in a young fit healthy person, how much of their blood can be lost before their blood pressure starts to drop?
about 30%.
when does ability to compensate for blood loss drop?
old age
myocardial or respiratory diseases
drugs eg beta blockers
what is sick euthyroid syndrome?
changes in serum thyroid hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with acute illness not caused by an intrinsic abnormality of thyroid. can cause hyper or hypo thyroidism.
what is in the u and e test?
urea
bicarbonate
chloride
potassium
sodium
what drug improves outcomes in bacterial meningitis?
Dexamethasone improves outcomes (by reducing neurological sequelae) in the treatment of bacterial meningitis
what is behcet’s syndrome?
complex multisystem disorder associated with presumed autoimmune-mediated inflammation of the arteries and veins.
classic triad of symptoms are oral ulcers, genital ulcers and anterior uveitis
what mediates the types of hypersensitivity and examples of each?
type 1-IgE , eg anaphylaxis
type 2-IgG, eg blood transfusion reactions
type 3-immune complexes, eg SLE, RA
type 4-cell mediated eg contact dermatitis
what are the ages for consent in young people according to the GMC?
16 and over-treat them like an adult
13-16-have to assess fraser competence
under 13-illegal, social services involvement
what is the most common surgery done for rectal tumours?
anterior resection-usually done except for lower rectal tumours
what is the presentation of lymphoma?
rubbery, painless lymphadenopathy
can have associated night sweats/splenomegaly
how can you identify thyroid swelling?
moves upwards on swallowing
how does thyroglossal cyst usually present?
more common in patients <20yo
moves upwards with protrusion of tongue
what is the presentation of a branchial cyst?
oval, mobile cyst between SCM and pharynx
usually present in early adulthood
where does TPN go?
central vein
what is cataplexy?
sudden muscle weakness while you’re awake due to strong emotions
what is the most dangerous PE?
saddle embolus. forms where pulmonary arteries divide -blocks both sides-no blood supply at all to lungs
