endocrine Flashcards
what are 5 hormones that increase blood sugar?
glucagon
adrenaline and noradrenaline
cortisol
growth hormone
thyroid hormone
what is hydronephrosis?
swelling of kidney due to blockage upstream.
what is the best test for kidney stones?
CT KUB
what is some lifestyle advice for chronic kidney stones?
increased fluid intake
decrease salt and meat consumption
what are the 2 causes of chronic urinary retention?
1) bladder failure
2) blockage, usually from prostate
what is a trabeculated bladder?
bladder walls are thickened -makes it harder to contract-can lead to incomplete emptying.
if someone comes with kidney stones what are 2 important bloods to do?
1) U and Es-uric acid can cause stones
2) calcium-high calcium can cause stones-rule out hyperparathyroidism
what equation is used in patients with stable renal function to estimate creatinine clearance?
Cockcroft-Gault Equation
what is a drug that helps heart failure and diabetes?
empagliflozin-SGLT2 inhibitor that increases glucose excretion in kidneys but also helps cardiovascular system esp in preventing HF
one flaw=makes you more likely to get UTIs (high glucosurea)
what is another name for de quervain’s thyroiditis?
subacute thyroiditis
when does de quervain’s thyroiditis occur?
following viral infection
what are the characteristic histological cells found in hodgkin’s disease?
reed sternberg cells
what are the guidelines on metformin and egfr?
stopped when eGFR is less than 30
used with caution when eGFR less than 45
what are the rules on hypos and driving?
diabetic patients who have had 2 hypoglycaemic episodes requiring help need to surrender their driving license and inform the DVLA.
which bacteria is commonly found in rice and has a short incubation period?
bacillus cereus
what drug should be used to manage a patient’s symptoms quickly in new cases of grave’s disease before going on long term management?
propranolol
what is diclofenac?
NSAID esp used for renal colic
what painkiller do you use acutely for renal colic?
diclofenac-type of NSAID
how does myasthenia gravis usually present?
muscle fatiguability-muscles become progressively weaker during periods of activity and improve on rest.
can also have blurred vision, ptosis, and dysphagia.
what is a classic visual sign of pituitary adenoma?
bitemporal hemianopia
what hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?
TSH
FSH, LH
prolactin
GH
ACTH
what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?
oxytocin, ADH
what hormone level is changed in acromegaly?
growth hormone -too much
what test is diagnostic for acromegaly?
OGTT
which medications cause hypothyroidism?
lithium
amiodarone
antithyroid meds
what is sheehan’s syndrome?
postpartum avascular necrosis to anterior pituitary -causes decrease of all anterior pituitary hormones eg TSH (hypothyroidism)
what is thyrotoxicosis?
sx of hyperthyroidism (doesn’t have to acc have increase T3 or T4)
what is the most common cause of raised calcium in an otherwise well person?
primary hyperparathyrodism -80% asx.
what are the causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
vit D deficiency
CKD (assume cos kidneys make active vit D)
what does ADH do to urine and blood osmolality and sodium?
increases both in urine
decreases both in blood
what is an important endocrine SE of SSRIs?
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
which diabetes drug class increases the risk of hypos?
sulfonylureas, eg gliclazide
failure of what organ can cause hypoglycaemia?
liver -site of glycogenolysis when low BM
what is fourniere’s syndrome?
like nec fasc but for genitals (ew)
what is diabetes insipidus?
kidneys unable to reabsorb water due to lack of ADH (cranial) or lack of response to ADH (nephrogenic)
what is the first line specific investigation for diabetes insipidus?
water deprivation test
what is a cause of tertiary adrenal insuffiency?
long term steroid use -been using them for so long the crh-acth-cortisol loop completely shuts off.
