ENT, head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

what things can cause absence of the red eye reflex?

A

cataracts
retinoblastoma

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2
Q

what can be done to reduce the risk of pupillary block in patients at risk of angle closure glaucoma?

A

iridotomy via laser (surgical removal of part of iris)

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3
Q

what is a classic symptom of trochlear nerve palsy?

A

diplopia when looking down

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4
Q

classical presentation of acute angle glaucoma?

A

acutely painful red eye, headache, burred vision, decreased visual acuity, fixed slightly dilated pupil

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5
Q

how can herpes cause keratitis?

A

HSV1 lurks in the ganglion of CNV

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6
Q

treatment for herpes keratitis?

A

topical antiviral

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7
Q

what does bacterial vs HSV keratitis look like on staining?

A

bacterial-yellow white spot
HSV-dendritic ulcer

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8
Q

what do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do?

A

decrease aqueous humour production

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9
Q

what is an example of a type of drug that’s ototoxic?

A

loop diuretics eg furosemide

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10
Q

what is otalgia?

A

ear pain

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11
Q

what is another word for ramsay hunt syndrome?

A

herpes zoster oticus

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12
Q

what happens in ramsay hunt syndrome?

A

reactivation of varicella zoster virus in the geniculate ganglion of the CN7, causing ear pain, facial nerve palsy, and vesicular rash around the ear

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13
Q

what is the most common site of the nose for epistaxis to originate from?

A

littles area in the anterior nasal septum-site of kiesselbach’s plexus which is where 4 arteries join up.

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14
Q

what are the typical symptoms of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

painless loss of vision
dark floaters
‘red hue’
worse lying flat-causes blood to pool on macula, decreasing central vision

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15
Q

how do you manage a patient with signs and symptoms of scleritis?

A

urgent same day referral to opthalmology

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16
Q

what is extropia?

A

when 1 eye deviates outwards

17
Q

what is the treatment of extropia and why is this important?

A

patching
if untreated can lead to amblyopia (lazy eye)

18
Q

what is the difference in presentation in the eye between horner’s and CNIII?

A

horner’s -ptosis and constricted pupil
CNIII -ptosis and dilated pupil (obvs would have some other issues with eye movements too)

19
Q

what are 2 key investigations for acute angle glaucoma?

A

tonometry (checks pressure in eyes)
gonioscopy (checks eye’s drainage system)